Galileo

1. Galileo The Example of the Church Being Opposed to Science or is it Something Else?

2. Overview • The trial of __________ is the main piece of evidence used to show that the Church is against __________ • In this PowerPoint we will look at • Science before Galileo • The issue that drove and continued the affair • Each of the three periods of the Galileo affair • The finding of the Inquisition • The Catholic Church after Galileo’s Trial

3. Before Galileo • Science was done __________ • Start with a general principle and connect this principle to the phenomena being studied • Galileo and others argued for experimentation, to do science __________ • The goal was to preserve the __________ • There was not an attempt to explain it.

4. Before Galileo • __________ followed the Ptolemaic system • The universe was big (but not as big as we think it is today) • The earth was the __________ of the solar system • The earth was a round sphere • The misunderstanding people have is that the Church taught the world was flat. It never did.

5. Before Galileo • 1543 Copernicus argues for heliocentrism--that the sun is the __________ of the solar system • There is no observational data in the work • He was urged to publish by people in the church • The work was __________ to Pope Paul III

6. The Galileo Affair • The Galileo affair can be seen as three distinct but ______________phases • 1613-1616 The 1st phase • 1623-1624 The 2nd phase • 1630-1633 The 3rd phase • Each phase has its own unique __________, but together they tell the story of a transition in philosophy and science and an ongoing struggle in __________.

7. The 1st Phase - 1613-1616 • A __________ wrote to Galileo asking him to explain how the sun could stand still if the sun is the center of the __________ system? • The answer is easy if the earth is the center of the solar system • Joshua prayed to the LORD, and said in the presence of Israel: Sun, stand still at Gibeon, Moon, in the valley of Aijalon! The sun stood still, the moon stayed, while the nation took __________ on its foes • (Joshua 10:12-13)

8. The 1st Phase - 1613-1616 • 1613 Galileo writes a letter to the woman explaining his view and how to interpret __________. • Scripture must be interpreted in light of scientific knowledge • Scriptural language was accommodated to the original audience and the literal meaning • Galileo was called in front of the __________ for the first time

9. The 1st Phase - 1613-1616 • 1615 The __________ finds Galileo’s letter had some “Bad Expressions” but no serious objections • __________ of heresy were found groundless • The __________ did not reject Copernicanism

10. The 1st Phase - 1613-1616 • Cardinal Bellarmino warned Galileo not to teach Copernicanism as __________ true • Galileo agreed • Bellarmino cautioned another person that if there were an __________ demonstration of the earth’s motions then scripture would have to be __________ carefully

11. The 1st Phase - 1613-1616 • What was Galileo’s “Proof” of the earth’s __________? • Telescopic proof--the phases of Venus and Jupiter’s moons orbit Jupiter--inconclusive • Tides are caused by the earth’s rotation • Galileo considered this his best proof, but he was wrong • Galileo was right about __________ but wrong about his __________ of it. • The interpretation of scripture must be understood in the light of proven science

12. The 1st Phase - 1613-1616 • Is this the __________ verses __________? No • Church men were on both sides of the issue • Dominicans opposed Galileo • Jesuits supported him and confirmed his telescopic observations. • The issue was interpreting scripture in the light of __________ and when to change how we understand what scripture says • Galileo heard rumors of his being condemned so he asked Bellarmino for a certificate setting out exactly what had been done.

13. The 2nd Phase - 1623-1624 • In 1623 Galileo’s friend is elected __________ • Pope Urban VIII • Galileo published Il Saggiatore, dedicated to the __________ • Galileo is called before the __________ for the second time. • The I __________ dismissed implications about Galileo and Eucharist as groundless

14. The 2nd Phase - 1623-1624 • 1624 The Pope gives permission for Galileo to write on the earth’s __________ as long as he included one epistemological argument. • Because God is all powerful, determination of ultimate __________ can never be certain. • In other words, God may have done what he did in a way that we do not know. • Galileo begins On The Tides; he later calls it A Dialogue on the Two Chief World __________.

15. The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633 • 1630 Galileo received approval to publish the book in Rome from the __________ Chief Censor. • Problems caused delayed publication • A __________ caused the city to be quarantined. • 1632 Galileo publishes in Florence.

16. The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633 • A Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems • The book presents a discussion of the solar system by a holder of the __________ system and a holder of __________ system. • The dialogue is moderated “A Fool” • The Pope’s argument is the last statement the fool makes

17. The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633 • Pope __________ is furious with Galileo, “I have been deceived!” • His epistemological argument is put at the end of the book, in the mouth of the __________. • At no other point in the book does the fool show any sense or knowledge at all. • Galileo is called to Rome to face the __________.

18. The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633 • The Inquisition produced a document from 1616 ordering Galileo not to teach __________ • Galileo produced the document from Cardinal __________. • A lenient plea deal is reached. • The Pope rejects the plea deal.

19. The 3rd Phase - 1630-1633 • June 1633 Galileo is convicted of “vehement suspicion of __________.” • Galileo abjures the earth’s __________. • Any decision by the __________ had to be signed by all the inquisitors. • 3 of the 10 Inquisitors do not sign the conviction • The Lead Inquisitor, who is also the Pope’s nephew does not sign the conviction

20. The Transitions and Struggle • There were at the time of the Galileo affair two major transitions and an ongoing struggle • A Transition in __________ • A Transition in __________ • An ongoing Struggle in __________

21. The Transition in Philosophy • The Galileo Affair took place during the philosophical shift from __________ to __________ • Instrumentalism claims that scientific theories are __________ used to explain and save the phenomena but the theory may not accurately tells us about the world • Realism claims that scientific theories are true depictions of the world

22. The Transition in Science • The Galileo Affair took place during the scientific shift from a __________ to an __________ approach to science • Deductive starts with general principles and attempts to explain and predict phenomena based on __________ • Inductive starts with observable data and does experiments to discover the __________ of the data. • This period is the labor pains to the birth of the scientific method.

23. The ongoing Struggle in Religion • The Religious __________ at stake during the Galileo Affair is an ongoing issue or even a current event • How do we interpret __________ in the light of science? • When should we change our interpretation of scripture in the light of __________? • Think of those who push for creationism or intelligent design as a competing scientific theory

24. After Galileo • Where the __________ comes from • How the Galileo affair gets used • Catholic Church and Science • Pope John Paul II and his __________

25. Where the Misinformation Comes From • During the 19th century, the __________ conception of a European "Dark Age" gave much more prominence to the Flat Earth model than it ever possessed historically • Some historians consider that the early __________ who projected flat Earth upon Christians of the Middle Ages were highly influential • Recall the book by Andrew Dickson White • There were ongoing polemics that wanted to show that __________ stood against the world

26. How the Galileo Affair gets Used • The common acceptance of the __________ allows for a false dilemma (a rational fallacy) that religion and science are __________ to each other • Thus people think they are being __________ by rejecting religion and God • No fallacy is rational

27. How the Galileo Affair gets Used • Notice in this painting how Galileo is standing, the strong __________ in the face of a close minded Church • This panders to the view that by simply rejecting __________, a person is being true to __________

28. Catholic Church and Science • The Catholic Church wanted to go out of the way to show how the Faith and Science were __________ • Catechisms listed the names of Catholic __________ • These pages come from a Catechism first published in 1936 and reprinted in 1961 • It is call “My Catholic Faith”

29. Pope John Paul II and his Apology • 1979 John Paul II convened a commission to __________ the Galileo case. • In his __________ he makes an admission of “errors committed” and also affirms Augustinian principles of __________ • Which were also held by Galileo.

30. Conclusion • The Galileo Affair is one page in a long history of the Church’s respect for and use of science • Due to __________ and rationale a false dilemma, this affair is used to show that the Church is anti-science • The Truth is that we are not. We make __________, but the Church stood on both sides of the Galileo Affair. • We have apologized, lets see if those who use this affair to reject religion are __________