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CELLS

The development and refinement of magnifying lenses and light microscopes made the observation and description of microscopic organisms and living cells possible. CELLS. History of the cell:.

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CELLS

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  1. The development and refinement of magnifying lenses and light microscopes made the observation and description of microscopic organisms and living cells possible. CELLS History of the cell:

  2. Leeuwenhoek – developed and improved simple microscopes; he saw small living things in a drop of pond water and called them “animalcules”. Early scientists contributions to the cell theory:

  3. He studied cork with a microscope and described the small boxes he decided to call cells after rooms in monasteries. • He named the cell a “cell”. Robert Hooke

  4. A German botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells. Schleiden

  5. A German zoologist who concluded that all animals are made of cells. Schwann

  6. Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

  7. All living things are made of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. • All cells come from pre-existing cells. • MODERN CELL THEORY ADDS: • Energy flow occurs within cells. • Cells contain hereditary information that is passed from cell to cell during cell division. • All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. The Cell Theory

  8. Continued advancements in microscopy allowed the observation of cell organelles and internal structure.

  9. Two types were developed in the mid 1900’s. • The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a beam of electrons to scan the surface of a cell. Electron Microscopes

  10. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses a beam of electrons to study structures within a cell.

  11. Prokaryotes are cells that do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. • They are much smaller that eukaryotes. • Bacteria are prokaryotes. There are two basic cell types:

  12. Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.Protists, fungi, plants, and animals are all eukaryotes.

  13. Organelles are membrane-bound structures in a eukaryotic cell. • Each organelle has a specific function for cell survival. Organelles

  14. All cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane. • It is a phospholipid bilayer. • It is selectively permeable as it regulates what goes in and out of the cell. The plasma membrane

  15. The nucleus controls all cellular functions. • It contains chromatin which is made up of DNA and proteins. • DNA is the blueprint for all cellular activity. Nucleus

  16. The nucleolus is found in the nucleus. • It produces ribosomes. • It is the dark, dense regions of the nucleus. Nucleolus

  17. Ribosomes are where proteins are made. • Some are free in the cytoplasm and some are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. • Ribosomes are NOT membrane-bound and are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Ribosomes

  18. The cytoplasm is all cellular contents outside the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Cytoplasm

  19. The ER is a series of membranous canals for the transport of materials. • They are the sites of chemical reactions. • Rough ER – ribosomes are attached that are producing proteins • Smooth ER – no ribosomes attached; involved in production and storage of lipids Endoplasmic Reticulum

  20. Also called the Golgi bodies or Golgi complex • It receives proteins from the ER. • It modifies, packages, and ships the proteins. Golgi Apparatus

  21. Flow of materials

  22. Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs for temporary storage. Vacuoles

  23. They are the cell’s recyclers. • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to digest worn out organelles, food particles, or viruses. Lysosomes

  24. These are the sites for photosynthesis. • They capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy. • The chemical energy is stored in food molecules. Chloroplasts

  25. These are the sites for cellular respiration. • They are called the “powerhouse of the cell”. • They break down food molecules and release energy. Mitochondria

  26. This support structure in the cytoplasm is composed of microtubules and microfilaments. Cytoskeleton

  27. Centrioles are involved in cell division. They are found only in animal cells. Centrioles

  28. These are short, numerous hair-like projections on the cell surface for locomotion or feeding. Cilia

  29. Flagella are longer projections on the cell surface that move with a whip-like motion. • They are primarily used for locomotion. Flagella

  30. The cell wall is an inflexible barrier that protects the cell and gives it support. • They are found in prokaryotes, fungi, plants, and in plant-like protists. Cell Wall

  31. Plant cells have a cell wall as well as a plasma membrane. • Animal cells only have a plasma membrane. Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

  32. Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria. • Animal cells only have mitochondria. Energy Organelles

  33. Plant cells have a large central vacuole for water storage. • Animal cells only have small, temporary vacuoles.

  34. Animal cells have centrioles. Plant cells do not. And lastly,

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