Exploring Palm Vein Technology in Biometrics

1. WELCOME

2. PALM V EIN TECHNOLOGY

3. INDRODUCTION Biometrics Palm Vein Technology REASONS FOR CONSIDERING THE PALM AREA FOR IDENTIFICATION : Accuracy Practical applications Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References CONTENTS

4. INTRODUCTION • Palm vein technology is one of the upcoming technology. • It is the world’s first contactless personal identification system that uses the vein patterns in human palms to confirm a person’s identity. • It is highly secure and accurate. • The contact less feature gives it a hygienic advantage over other biometric authentication technologies. • It uses the vascular patterns of an individual’s palm as personal identification data. • biometric authentication technology, which identifies people by their unique biological information

5. Biometrics • Automated measurement of Physiological and/or behavioral characteristics to determine or authenticate identity is known as Biometrics • Increasing necessity of e-mail, Internet resources etc, offers serious security concerns. • Biometrics can be defined as recognizing and identifying a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics • The behavioral characteristics measure the movement of a user, when users walk, speak, type on a keyboard or sign their name. • The physiological characteristics would be the physical human traits like fingerprints, hand shape, eyes and face, veins, etc

6. BIOMETRIC FEATURES • It becomes obsolete to beware passwords safely or to remember to all of them. • Abuse of stolen id cards and passports will be reduced enormously. • Abuse of stolen credit cards will be prevented. • Taking over foreign identities will be impossible. • Building access right to people without the right of admittance will be prevented. • Access to devices/computers will be not possible for persons without the right of admittance. • Unnecessary costs will be drastically reduced. • Level of common convenience and safety will grow.

7. DIFFERENT BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES • Physical Biometrics • Iris • Retina • Vein Pattern • Hand Geometry • Face • Fingerprint • Ear shape • Behavioral Biometrics • Keystroke dynamics • Signature dynamics • Walking Gait • Voice

8. Biometric Systems

9. Biometrics Process new biometric sample is requested. No Quality Sufficient? Signal Processing, Feature Extraction, Representation Biometric Data Collection Transmission Yes Generate Template Database Template Match Decision Confidence? Yes No

10. VOICE PRINT Voice Recognition: is the Identification using the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. ADVANTAGES • Easy to use and requires no special training or equipment. • Relatively inexpensive compared to other biometrics. • Consumers prefer to use voiceprints over other biometric technology for identification according to a Chase bank’s research study. DISADVANTAGES • When processing a person’s voice over multiple channels such a microphone and then over a telephone reduces the recognition rate. • Physical conditions of the voice, such as those due to sickness, affect the voice verification process. • Environment noise reduces the overall accuracy and effectiveness of the recognition. • The storage requirement for voiceprint database can be very large. • A person’s voice changes over time.

11. Voice Identification System Construct voice reference template Database

12. FINGER PRINT • Fingerprint Recognition is the identification by using patterns of friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips which are unique to that individual. • ADVANTAGES • Since fingerprints are the composition of protruding sweat glands, everyone has unique fingerprints. They do not change naturally. • Its reliability and stability is higher compared to the iris, voice, and face recognition method. • Fingerprint recognition equipment is relatively low-priced compared to other biometric system • DISADVANTAGES • Vulnerable to noise and distortion brought on by dirt and twists. • Some people may feel offended about placing their fingers on the same place where many other people have continuously touched. • Some people have damaged or eliminated fingerprints. • Since users have to touch the sensing device, so it gets damaged on scratches on it

13. Fingerprint Recognition steps: Database

14. FACE RECOGNITION Face recognition uses the visible physical structure of the face and analyses the spatial geometry of distinguishing features in it to identify an individual. ADVANTAGES Non intrusive, privacy cannot be invaded easily. Cheap technology. DISADVANTAGES 2D recognition is affected by changes in lighting, the person’s hair, the age, and if the person wear glasses. It also depends on orientation/angle of user’s face with camera. Requires camera equipment for user identification; thus, it is not likely to become popular until most PCs include good resolution cameras as standard equipment. Even the expressions on the face also affect the recognition process. For example:in Canada passport size photo with neutral face expression are accepted.

15. Face recognition process: Extraction of face features Input face image Extraction of face image Positive Database negative

16. IRIS SCAN • The iris is the colored ring of textured tissue that surrounds the pupil of the eye. • ADVANTAGES • Very high accuracy. • Verification time is generally less than 5 seconds. • The eye from a dead person would deteriorate too fast to be useful, so no extra precautions have to been taken with retinal scans to be sure the user is a living human being. • DISADVANTAGES • Intrusive. • A lot of memory for the data to be stored. • Very expensive. • Difficult to use because of positioning eye. • Requires more time for matching with database stored

17. Iris Identification Steps: Input of face image Recognition of iris pattern Detection of eye regions Put iris in focus accept Database reject

18. Signature Identification: • Signature identification: is the analyses of the way a user signs his or her name. • The process used by a biometric system to verify a signature is called dynamic signature verification (DSV). • the angle at which the pen is held • the number of times the pen is lifted, • the time it takes to write the entire signature, • the pressure exerted by the person while signing, • the variations in the speed with which different parts of the signature are written. • ADVANTAGES • Unique for every individual and user himself can decide the identity. • Lesser false acceptance rate. • Relatively cheap technology. • No expert training required

19. DISADVANTAGES • Signature of a person may change after a long time, like if an user gone through an accident and he cannot use his hand and then he signs after a long time, his sign and pressure points may change. • High false rejection rate. • Pressure points may change because of weather or some disease. • System can be fooled by imitating Profile Database

20. Palm Vein Technology • In this technology ONE’S PALM is used as the “PASSWORD” for verification • The veins present in the palm of the individual are scanned & verified thus providing the access • Palm vein authentication is one of the vascular pattern authentication technologies. • Vascular pattern authentication includes vein pattern authentication using the vein patterns of the palm, back of the hand or fingers as personal identification data • The palm vein authentication uses the vascular patterns of the palm as personal identification data

21. First the individual places his PALM on the sensor, thus the sensor takes the “PALM VEIN IMAGE” and compares it with the pre-registered one with the help of INFRA RED RAYS. • If there is a match then access is allowed, if not access is denied. • This system is not at all dangerous. A near infrared ray is a component of sunlight, whose effect is much less than walking in sunlight.

22. REASONS FOR CONSIDERING THE PALM AREA FOR IDENTIFICATION : • A palm has wide area and more complicated vascular pattern and contains some differentiating features for personal identification when compared with the patterns present in the back of the hand and the ventral side or dorsal side of the fingers. • The palm normally has no hair and thus eliminates an obstacle to capturing the vein pattern and it is less susceptible to a change in skin color. • For this purpose the contactless palm vein authentication device was launched by Fujitsu in Japan. This is also known as palm secure.

23. REASONS FOR CONSIDERING THE PALM AREA FOR IDENTIFICATION …. • In palm vein authentication we use sensing and matching technology. • when near-infrared light passes, deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood flowing through the veins absorbs near-infrared rays, causing it to be visible as black regions to the scanner. • Arteries and capillaries, whose blood contains oxygenated hemoglobin, which does not absorb near-infrared light, are invisible to the sensor, hence “VEINS” are chosen

24. The sensing technology used for vein patterns is based on near-infrared ray spectroscopy (NIRS) and imaging Deoxygenated hemoglobin in vein vessels absorbs light having a wavelength of about 760 nm within near-infrared area (Fig. 1). When capturing a body using near-infrared rays only the blood vessel pattern containing the deoxidized hemoglobin is visible as a series of dark lines (Fig.2). The vein authentication device translates the black lines of the infrared ray image as the blood vessel pattern of the palm (Fig. 3), and then matches it with the previously registered blood vessel pattern of the individual. SENSING TECHNOLOGY :

25. Fig 3 :Extracted vein pattern Fig2:infrared ray image Fig1: visible ray image Blood vessel patterns are unique to every individual. Even the vein patterns on each hand are different.

26. There are two imaging methods used for veins 1.Reflection 2.Transmission. Reflection Method: The reflection method illuminates the target part from the front In this method, an illumination device and a capturing device can be combined because the direction of illumination and capturing is the same. Transmission method: The transmission method illuminates the target part from the back, the side or the surface around the target. but in this method, those devices must be used separately because the direction of illumination and capturing differs IMAGING METHODS:

27. The palm vein pattern is extracted from infrared-ray images as dark lines. This Matching involves 1. Capture 2. Extraction of palm vein pattern features 3. Storing of palm vein pattern features 1. Capture: Decide whether or not the user will hold his/her palm over the palm vein authentication sensor. If the palm is held, capture the infrared-ray image 2. Extraction of palm vein pattern features: Extract the palm vein pattern from the captured infrared-ray image by image processing. Convert the palm vein pattern to palm vein feature data following the algorithm to determine the correspondence between the two palm vein patterns. 3. Storing of palm vein pattern features: Store the palm vein feature data to storage, smart card or hard disk, depending on the application. Matching:

28. Working of Palm Vein Systems We Rest our palm on Vein Scanner Palm Vein Scanner – near Infra Red Rays Infra red rays will pass through veins Veins carry Deoxygenated Hemoglobin Deoxygenated blood absorbs Infra Red Rays Arteries and capillaries reflects infra red rays Vein patterns are captured for Authentication If Authorized, the requested Application gets Activated Extract the vein patterns from the infrared image and convert into vein pattern data. Now Compares it with database How It Works

29. WORKING

30. Step 1: Palm vein authentication technology consists of a small Palm vein scanner that's easy and natural to use, fast and Highly accurate . Simply hold your palm a few centimeters Over the scanner and within a second it reads your unique vein pattern. A vein picture is taken and palm pattern isregistered.

31. Step 2: The registered palm pattern is stored into the database along with the personal details of the client

32. 1. One should place his/her palm near to scanner.

33. 2. The scanner makes use of a special characteristic of the reduced hemoglobin coursing through the palm veins — it absorbs near-infrared light. This makes it possible to take a snapshot of what's beneath the outer skin, something very hard to read or steal.

34. 3. The integrated optical system in the palm vein sensor uses this phenomenon to generate an image of the palm vein pattern and the generated image is digitized, encrypted and finally stored as a registered template in the database.

35. Data Flow

36. Palm vein authentication Sensor emits near infrared beam to the palm Palm has to be positioned 3-8 cm over the sensor Oxygen reduced blood within the veins absorbs the near infrared light The generated template can be stored in either a database The sensors template library SW changes the raw image into template data The sensors wide angular near infrared camera takes a raw image of the palm vein pattern

37. PALM VEIN PAATTERN VERIFICATION SYSTEM • The thermal vein pattern verification system involves the following stages: • Image Acquisition • Image enhancement • Vein pattern segmentation • Skeletonization • Matching

38. User Interface source Contactless Non-invasive 2.18 seconds recognition speed

40. How Secure is the Technology?How Secure is the Technology? • On the basis of testing the technology on more than 70,000 individuals, Fujitsu declared that the new system had a false rejection rate of 0.01%(i.e., only one out of 10,000 scans were incorrect denials for access). • And a false acceptance rate of less than 0.00008% (i.e., incorrect approval for access in one in over a millio scans). • And if you registered your profile as a child, it'll still be recognized as you grow, as an individual's patterns of veins are established in utero • No two people in the world share a palm vein pattern - even those of identical twins will differ.

41. Overview of Biometrics

42. accuracy • Vein patterns • Distinctive and unique to individuals, even left and right hands. • Difficult to steal or forge • False acceptance rate • A rate at which someone other than the actual person is falsely recognized. • False rejection rate • A rate at which the actual person is not recognized accurately.

43. In comparison with others technology *note – Chart created using average of data provided by the Table

44. Need Of It • No more problems of forgotten passwords and id codes - biometrics is the technology taking care of it. • Apart from other techniques like IRIS scan in which Cataract replacement, Finger scan during Injuries etc can be an disadvantage, this technique has no problems.

45. ADVANTAGES: • Contactless, hygienic and non-invasive . • It is difficult to forge for intruders because blood vessels are hidden within the body. • This technology is non- intrusive; It does not involve any physical contact between the user and the system . • Vein patterns are unique to each individual; even identical twins have different vein patterns . • Palm vein technology has an FRR of 0.01% and FAR of less than 0.00008%.this is based on the experiments conducted on 70,000 individuals in Japan. It is Highly accurate

46. DISADVANTAGES: • There are numerous factors that can effect the quality of the captured image. They are body temperature, ambient temperature, humidity, unevenly distribution of heat, heat radiation, nearness of vein to surface, camera calibration and focus. • Palm vein recognition is invasive because it creates fear among the users that it can be a painful process • It is relatively expensive and not available for mass production yet. • It is not applicable to people who lost their palms.

47. APPLICATIONS: Palm vein authentication is utilized in various Fields such as • Security systems - Door lock and integrated building security systems • Log-in control – login into pc’s or servers, network data access, etc. • Healthcare - ID verification for medical equipment, electronic record management, etc. • Financial services - ATM,Banks, vault access, etc.

48. applications

49. Practical Application ATM MACHINES WITH PALM VEIN SENSOR UNIT ATM: • Palm vein pattern is captured by using the palm vein sensor on the ATM. The palm vein pattern is converted to palm vein features and transferred to the user’s smart card a • The matching between the palm vein features stored on the smart card and those transferred from the sensor is executed on the smart card. • The result is the output from the card.

50. Login authentication: • Palm vein authentication can be integrated into laptop PCs by USB . • It is used to control access to electronically stored information. • Because login authentication using palm vein authentication can also be used for authentication using conventional IDs and passwords