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TYPOLOGY OF TURKISH

Language Studies /\. Genealogical Typological ||Language Families Structural Similarities |/ \ 3000-5000 languagesfamily traits cross- 30 language familieslinguistic sim

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TYPOLOGY OF TURKISH

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    1. TYPOLOGY OF TURKISH

    2. Language Studies / \ Genealogical Typological | | Language Families Structural Similarities | / \ 3000-5000 languages family traits cross- 30 language families linguistic similarities

    3. Language Structure Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics / \ | | / \ Sounds Intonation words sentences lexical sentence / \ / \ C V Free Affixes / | \ Prefix Infix Suffix

    4. Phonology Consonants Vowels

    5. Consonant Inventories Number Language ____________________________________ Minimum 6 Rotokas (New Guinea) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maximum 122 !Xoo (Botswana) clicks Turkish 23

    6. Consonant Inventory Turkish English Stops p t c k p t k b d j g b d g Fricatives f s h f ? s h v z v ? z Affricates c c j j Nasals m n m n Liquids l/r l l/r Glides j j

    7. Ubykh 80 consonants/12 sibilants Denti- Alveolar- Apica- lamina- alveolar postalveolar postalveolar postalveolar vcls sa:.ba sa ?a ?a?a why 3 my head mother-in-law vcd za zaza ?a ?awa 1 kidney firewood shade labialized vcls asoa ?oa white sea labialized azoan ?w an vcd it boils it roasts

    8. Vowels Turkish- 8 Vowel System English-12 Vowel System i u i u I ? i e o ? ? a o  e a in n en n un on an - kin

    9. 3.3. Consonant-Vowel ratio Low 1 Andoke (Columbia) 10 cons., 9 vowels Average 4.5 - 6.5 Turkish 23 cons., 8 vowels High 29 Abkhaz 58 c, 2 vowels 3.5. Syllable Structure a. Simple ( C ) V o b. Moderately complex CVC or CCV sert c. Complex CCCVCCCC strengths

    10. Vowel Harmony (i) Root-Internal Harmony all vowels are front elek; erik; t; igne; gle; iki all vowels are back ara; ari; kuzu ; koyu distributional constraint te; t; *et (ii) External Harmony Suffixes harmonize with the last vowel of the root High Vowel Harmony back su-suz/ev-siz rounded as-siz ev-de av-da Low Vowel Harmony back kol-da gl-de

    11. Morphology Word Structure

    12. Morphological universals (Greenberg, 1964) If a language is exclusively suffixing, it is postpositional; if it is exclusively prefixing, it is prepositional. 41. If in a language the verb follows both the nominal subject and nominal object as the dominant order, the language almost always has a case system.

    13. Case marking symmetrical asymmetrical TURKISH All nominals inflect for the same case categories. (7) Noun Pronoun Nom dolap biz Acc dolab-i biz-i Dat dolab-a biz-e Loc dolap-ta biz-de Abl dolap-tan biz-den Gen dolab-in biz-im Instr dolapil biz-im-le English Noun Pronoun Direct book we Acc - us Gen books ur

    15. Lexical Categories English Verb Eat eat-s eat-ing ate eat-en Noun girl girls girls girls Adjective small small-er small-est Adverb fast fast-er fast-est Turkish Verb gez+dir+e+me+yebil+ecek+ti+k Non-verbs (Substantives) oda- lar- imiz- dan eski - ler- imiz - den

    16. Greenberg Universals (1966) 1. In declarative sentences with nominal subject and object, the dominant order is almost always one in which the subject precedes the object. 4. With overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency, languages with normal SOV order are postpositional. 12. If a language has dominant order SOV in declarative sentences, there is never a rule which puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative questions. 13. If a nominal object precedes the verb, then verb forms subordinated to the main verb also precede it. 14. In conditional statements, the conditional clause precedes the conclusion as the normal order in all languages.

    17. Word order All languages have a dominant word order, ... that is more common than others. Most languages allow variations on their basic word order. (Steele in Greenberg, 1978). S-O-V S-V-O predominant orders V-S-O O-V-S O-S-V V-O-S

    18. Relativization relative pronoun Non-reduction strategy Pronoun retention Deletion (I) Der Mann der mich begrsst hat war ein Japaner. Det man-NOM rel-NOM 1SG-ACC greet-PRT Perf be-3SGPst one A. The man who greeted me was a Japanese. (ii) boitohoi bog-ai-hiab-i-s-aoaxai boito baosa xig-i-sai boat come-ATELIC-NEG-EPENTH-?-inter boat barge bring-E-NML Might it be that the boat (which) tows barges is not coming? Pirata (Brazil- Everett, 1986) (iii) ma ye we ntra fan nwe si san gho I see-PRF person that who he PST2 beat-PFV you I have seen the man who has beaten you. Babunka (Bantu-Schraub 1985)

    19. (iii) Babunga (Bantu - Schraub 1985) ma ye we ntra fan nwe si san gho I see-PRF person that who he PST2 beat-PFV you I have seen the man who has beaten you. (iv) - Turkish kedi-yi kovala-yan kpek Also for Turkish: a. ( sev-dig-im) insan deletion b. (kendisi-ni sev-dig-im) insan resumptive pronoun

    21. Complementation Verbal inflection Nominalization English Turkish She knows O [ biz-im Trke gren-dig- iimiz]-i [ that we are hungary]. biliyor.

    22. Want Complementation (i) implicit subject Tk- Arkeologlar [ ______ mezar-i a-mak] iste-di-ler. Ing- The archeologists wanted [ ____ to open the tomb]. (ii) explicit subject - Greek, Arabic Thel-o [ na p-o s-tin Athna] want-1SG COMP go-1SG to-ART Athens I want to go to Athens. (iii) both strategies

    23. Adjunct Clauses Temporal Purpose Reason Strategies: (I) finite (ii) non-finite (iii) both types

    24. Purpose Clauses (I) Nonfinite Tk- a. grenciler [Macarca grenmek Iin] Macaristana gittiler. B. grenciler [Macarca grenmege] Macaristana gittiler. Ing- The students went to Hungary to learn Hungarian. (ii) Finite Chinese- ni qui-xialai [ qin Zhng-san] you kneel.down beg Zhng-san You kneel down in order to beg Zhng-san. You kneel down and beg Zhng-san.

    25. Temporal Clauses (I) Nonfinite Trke a. Oraya git-tig-im zaman, .. B Oraya gid-ince . (ii) Finite Hungarian (iii) Mixed English: When I go there, . When writing the next example . When the announcement came,

    26. Reason Adjuncts (I) Finite (ii) Nonfinite (iii) Mixed English a. Having come, .. B. Since we have come, Turkish a. Gel-dig-imiz Iin . B. Gel-di-m diye ..

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