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Gender Differences In The Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression

Gender Differences In The Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University Students In 15 Nations Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 murray.straus@unh.edu

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Gender Differences In The Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression

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  1. Gender Differences In The Relation Of • Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression • Among University Students In 15 Nations • Murray A. Straus • Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire • Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 murray.straus@unh.edu • Website: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2 • Zeev Winstok • Center for the Study of Society, University of Haifa, • Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel • zeevwin@research.haifa.ac.il • Presented at the Society For the Study Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August 2013. • This is one of a series reporting results of the International Parenting Study directed by Angele Fauchier (angele.fauchier@unh.edu), and the Dyadic Types Research Program. Papers on these and related topics can be downloaded from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2 • The work was partly supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant T32MH15161, the University of New Hampshire. .

  2. Questions To Be Addressed • What percent of university student couples in 15 nations experienced violence in their relationships in the previous 12 months? • Of those who experienced violence, what percent were in each of three “Dyadic Types” (DTs): • Male-Only, Female-Only, Both-Assaulted? • 3. What is the relationship between violence in a relationship and depression and does this vary depending on: • A. Whether the partner was the victim or the aggressor, or both victim and aggressor? • B. Whether it is the male or female partner? • Results are somewhat surprising • 4. What is a plausible theory to explain them? • 5. What are the implications for • Theories to explain PV? • Methodology for research on PV? • Efforts to prevent and treat PV?

  3. The International Parenting Study 15 Nations, 11,408 university students • Analyses control for variables such as: • Age of student • Socially desirable responding • Parent’s education

  4. Measures Partner violence: Short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales Straus, M. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2004). A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality. Violence and Victims, 19, 507-520. Cases will be analyzed by comparing “Dyadic Types” of partner violence Depression: Major Depression Inventory Olsen, L. R., Jensen, D. V., Noerholm, V., Martiny, K., & Bech, P. (2003). The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring depressive states. Psychological Medicine, 33, 351-356.

  5. MAJOR DEPRESSION INVENTORY (MDI) Over the last two weeks… 1. Have you felt low in spirits or sad? 2. Have you lost interest in your daily activities? 3. Have you felt lacking in energy and strength? 4. Have you felt less self-confident? 5. Have you had a bad conscience or feelings of guilt? 6. Have you felt that life wasn’t worth living? 7. Have you had difficulty concentrating, e.g., when reading the newspaper or watching TV? 8. Have you felt very restless? 9. Have you felt subdued or slowed down? 10. Have you had trouble sleeping at night? 11.Have you suffered from reduced appetite? 12. Have you suffered from increased appetite? Alpha: Men = .92, Women = .90, Total = .91 Response categories: 5= All of the time, 4= Most of the time, 3= More than half of the time, 2= Less than half of the time, 1= Some of the time, 0= At no time Olsen, L. R., D. V. Jensen, V. Noerholm, K. Martiny, and P. Bech. 2003. "The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring depressive states." Psychological Medicine 33:351-356.

  6. Data Analysis • Analysis of covariance • Controlled for: • Education of father • Education of mother (are the results just a reflection of SES? • Misbehavior as a child (are results just a continuation of a long –standing pattern) • Corporal punishment by father As above • Corporal punishment by mother As above • Age of student at time of study (because older persons have lower crime rates • Limited Disclosure scale (do the results just reflect that willingness to disclose one type of socially undesirable behavior is associated with willingness to disclose other types) • Nation in which data was collected There are important differences between nations in the prevalence of crime. National differences in crime, include DT are analyzed elsewhere (cite??). The focus of this study is whether there are effects of DT that are in addition to the national context effects.

  7. Figure 1. Dyadic Assault Types ForAssault, Dating Relationships Of 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations, As Reported By Men and Women Prevalence Men 14% Women 18% % Male Respondents Female Respondents

  8. Figure 2. Relation of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Of Each Partner Women Men

  9. Summary • Both-Assault Dyadic Type • The most prevalent Dyadic Type of partner violence • Most closely associated with depression– not surprising • Both most harmful is consistent with other studies, including studies of harmful effects for children • Male-Only and Female-Only Dyadic Types • Also associated with more mental health problems than among non-violent couples, but less so than the Both Assault DT. • Comparing the sole perpetrator with being the sole victim • Men are higher in depression when they are the sole perpetratorsthan when they are the sole victims • Women are higher in depression when they are the sole victims when they are the sole perpetrators • A Canadian national survey found the same but differences small • What might explain these unexpected results?

  10. Question 4 . What is a plausible theory to explain the results? • The difference between men and women in the relation of partner violence to depression reflects differences in culturally and biologically based gender roles • Two relevant role differences are Greater saliency and importance of • Status maintenance and enhancement for men • Safety for women • An underlying principle is that threat to central aspects of the self are associated with an increased probability of depression • For men, lost of status if their violence becomes known is a bigger threat than lack of safety when they are victim of violence by their partner • For women, lack of safety when they are attacked by their partner is bigger threat than loss of status if their violence becomes known. • For the theory in detail, see Winstok, Z., & Straus, M. A. (2014). Gender Differences in the Link between Intimate Partner Physical Violence and Depression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 91-101. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2014.01.003

  11. Q 5 Implications For Theory, Methods, And Practice Theory Explanations of the causes or the effects of PV need to take into account that studies world-wide found that Male-Only: about 25% Female-Only: about 25% Both-Assault: about 50% of couples Self-defense explains female violence only 10-20% of the time Method DTs need to be identify in all research on partner violence Necessary and practical to obtain data on both partners Can be done even when only one partner is the research participant

  12. Implications (continued) • Practice • Because about half of all partner violence cases are in the “Both-Assault” type, including women seeking help from shelters: • Service providers need to determine which DT applies to a particular client and why • Determining the Dyadic type is second only to determining safety

  13. Dyadic Types (DTs) • Everyone Agrees On The Need To Take Into Account The Behavior Of Both Partners To Deal With Relationship Issues. But Few Do • DTs are a practical method of doing taking the behavior of both partners into account • Three DTs: * Male Partner Only * Female Partner Only • * Both partners engage in the behavior • Practical because • DTs obtained by just cross tabulating the behavior of the male partner by that of the female partner • If the behavior is an interaction in which both participated, such as violence, data obtained from just one of the partners, has the same validity (or lack of) as when both partners

  14. Is the High Percent of Women Who Assault Self-defense? • Studies on who hit first found it was female partner half the cases • Hamberger, 1997 77% • Bland & Orn ,1986 73% • Straus, 2012 61% • Stets [, 1990 #4608] 58% • DeMaris ,1992 49% • Capaldi[, 2007 #11544] 46%  the median %- • Gryl, Stith, & Bird ,1991 41% • Saunders ,1986 40% • Fiebert, Gonzalez, 1997 32% • Molidor& Tolman, ,1998 30% • O’Keefe ,1997 21% • 9 Studies which asked women whether it was in self-defense: • Median = 19%, range:5 to 47% • None of the studies found that a majority of women acted in self-defense • Almost half of the eleven comparisons found a higher percent of men than women acting in self-defense

  15. Dyadic Assault Types For Dating Relationships Among 11,408 University Students in 15 Nations - Any Assault Q 1. What percent of university student couples in 15 nations experienced violence in their relationships in previous 12 months? Prevalence Men 14% Women 18% Q 2 Of those who experienced violence, what percent were in each of three “Dyadic Types” (DTs): 47% 43% 10% Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z. (2013). Gender Differences in the Relation Of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Among University students in 15 nations. Paper presented at the Society For The Study Of Social Problems Annual Meeting, New York.

  16. Are These Percentages Unique To This Student Sample? U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098)* • Predominant Pattern Is • Both-Violent • Male-Only and Female-Only about same % • Same pattern as in current study and in more than 50 studies** which found: % * Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508.

  17. - 48 studies Ada[ted from Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of Bidirectional Versus Unidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Across Samples, Sexual Orientations, and Race/Ethnicities: A Comprehensive Review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 199-230. doi: 10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.199

  18. Percentages are similar when based on reports by male students

  19. Question 3. What is the relationship between violence in a relationship and depression and does this vary depending on: • A. Whether the partner was the victim or the aggressor, or both victim and aggressor? • B. Whether it is the male or female partner?

  20. SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles Female SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles Male

  21. SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles Female SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles Male

  22. Relation of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Dating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408) • When men assault, either as sole perpetrator or both, male depression higher. Suggests either depression as a cause or male guilt, or both • Women have highest depression when they are the sole victims of assault or both a victim and a perpetrator • Gender Difference In link between PV and depression: Increase in depression is greater for men than women , except when men are the sole victims Women Men

  23. 14,063 Canadian couples Graham (2012) Men lowest level of depression is among male victims of PV and female perpetrators of PV.

  24. SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile Male SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile Female

  25. SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile Male Female SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile

  26. Estimated Marginal Means of SCLanx Anxiety scale (Binned) Bn5 Female Male Estimated Marginal Means of SCLanx Anxiety scale (Binned) Bn5

  27. MDItotal Major Depression Index Total Bn5 centile score Male MDItotal Major Depression Index Total Bn5 centile score Female

  28. Some References On Dyadic Types Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Selwyn, C., & Rohling, M. L. (2012). Rates of Bidirectional Versus Unidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Across Samples, Sexual Orientations, and Race/Ethnicities: A Comprehensive Review. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 199-230. doi: 10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.199 Straus, M. A. (2013). Dyadic Victimization Types: A simple but powerful tool applicable to victimization in family relationships world-wide. Durham, NH. Can be downloaded from my website. Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004 Straus, M. A. (1992). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In D. F. Schwartz (Ed.), Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (pp. 98-109). Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories. Other References Straus, M. A. (2004). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the revised conflict tactics scales: A study of university student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(4), 407-432. Straus, M. A. (2009). The National context effect: An Empirical test of the validity of Cross-National research using unrepresentative samples. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(3), 183-205. doi: 10.1177/1069397109335770

  29. References On the Conflict Tactics Scales Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283-316. doi: 10.1177/019251396017003001 Straus, M. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2004). A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality. Violence and Victims, 19, 507-520. Straus, M. A. (2004). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the revised conflict tactics scales: A study of university student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(4), 407-432. Straus, M. A. (2012). Blaming the messenger for the bad news about partner violence by women: the Methodological, theoretical, and value basis of the purported invalidity of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(5), 538-556. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2023 Straus, M. A., & Mickey, E. L. (2012). Reliability, validity, and prevalence of partner violence measured by the conflict tactics scales in male-dominant nations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 463-474. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2012.06.004

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