Producing a Ph.D. Thesis

1. Producing a Ph.D. Thesis Patricia de Winter University College London Producing a Ph.D thesis

2. The majority of… • Arts/Humanities theses are written chapter by chapter throughout the PhD programme • Scientific theses are written once the data have been collected at the end of the PhD programme Producing a Ph.D thesis

3. At least four months before submission… • Obtain a PhD examination entry pack from your Registry • Complete the following and return to the Registry: examination entry form (including approved title) description of thesis (300 words) - NOT abstract • Your supervisor must nominate two examiners, one internal and one external Producing a Ph.D thesis

4. What happens next? • You should receive confirmation that your documents have been received – if you don’t hear anything check with the Registry. • The Nomination of Examiners Form completed by your supervisor is sent to the Subject Area Board for approval of examiners. • You will be notified of the date of your viva Producing a Ph.D thesis

5. Information on the PhD degree and thesis can be obtained from: The Grey Book (UCL) http://www.london.ac.uk/index.php?id=83&type=0(BBK) If you are at UCL you may opt for your degree to be awarded either by UCL or by the University of London If you are at BBK your degree is awarded by the University of London Producing a Ph.D thesis

6. The University states that the Ph.D. thesis must… • …be the candidate’s own account of their research • …be original (discovery of new facts and/or demonstration of independent critical power) • …be an integrated whole and present a coherent argument (a series of papers is not acceptable but published papers may be adapted) • …give a critical assessment of the literature Producing a Ph.D thesis

7. …describe the method of research (reproducible) • …discuss results and demonstrate how they advance the subject • …be written in English • …include a full bibliography and references • …demonstrate relevant research skills • …be of publishable quality Producing a Ph.D thesis

8. Word limit • Absolute limit of 100,000 words except for certain subject areas where the limit is lower • See subject list in exam entry pack or check with your supervisor or research degrees co-ordinator for the limit for your subject Producing a Ph.D thesis

9. The University does NOT stipulate… …the font type or size to use (best to use a serifed font for body text and a plain font for figures such as graphs) …specific chapter or thesis formats (but best to use scientific format for scientific theses) Producing a Ph.D thesis

10. The University stipulates that: …theses must be typed or printed on good quality A4 paper and on one side only …line spacing should be double or one-and-half …the binding edge margin must be at least 40 mm and other margins at least 20 mm …photographs etc. must be permanently mounted and bound in with the theses Producing a Ph.D thesis

11. …the use of sellotape or similar is prohibited …errors must be corrected before submission …all pages must be numbered, including any bound in material …the thesis must include a title page, an abstract, a table of contents and a list of tables and figures …collaborative work must acknowledged and certified by supervisor Producing a Ph.D thesis

12. Hints on producing a thesis • It is advisable to have a general introduction as the first chapter (review the literature here) and a general discussion as the last (to pull together the conclusions from previous chapters) • Save each chapter as a separate file and back up all work (save to the BBK or UCL server if possible as this is backed up daily) Producing a Ph.D thesis

13. Figures and tables should preferably not be inserted into text - put them on individual pages • Save figures and tables as separate files and either print separately or insert into chapter only when you are about to print • Inserting figures into (borderless) text boxes anchors them on a page and makes positioning them easier (MS Word) Producing a Ph.D thesis

14. Use reference management software (e.g. Endnote, Reference Manager) to insert citations and create a bibliography/reference list BUT manually check all your references in the completed thesis (MS Word). Producing a Ph.D thesis

15. Thesis Contents • Title page (numbered page 1) Officially approved thesis title Candidate’s full name Name of College or Institute Degree for which thesis is submitted and month/year of submission It is assumed that submission of the thesis implies it is entirely your own work and not plagiarised. Producing a Ph.D thesis

16. Intracellular Signalling and Phagocytosis by Haemocytes of Manduca sexta Larvae Maria Patricia de Winter School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Birkbeck, University of London Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London November, 2004 1 Producing a Ph.D thesis

17. Abstract of Thesis • Follows the title page • 300 words maximum • Summarises context, methods, results and conclusions contained in the thesis • A duplicate Abstract must be submitted to Senate House with the thesis • Published in ASLIB Index of Theses Producing a Ph.D thesis

18. Acknowledgements • Optional, but most people include them and acknowledge those who supported and helped them throughout their Ph.D. • If included keep acknowledgements to one side of A4 Producing a Ph.D thesis

19. Table of Contents • Follows Abstract, or Acknowledgements where included • Must include all headings and subheadings and their page numbers • Does not include Figures or Tables • MS word can create a TOC for you if you merge all your chapters into one document or you can generate your own (make a two-column table without borders) Producing a Ph.D thesis

20. Chapters • Each chapter must be numbered sequentially • Usually theses contain an Introduction, three or four research/experimental chapters and a general discussion • In Biology theses each experimental chapter contains its own specific intro, methods, results, discussion and conclusions • Give completed draft chapters to your supervisor for comments Producing a Ph.D thesis

21. References • Use a reference system that is recognised by your discipline. • Examiners are fond of checking for missing references so check reference list manually against references in the main text (this is really boring and takes hours) Producing a Ph.D thesis

22. Appendices • Include extra material that does not need to be in the body of the thesis • Copies of publications that arose from the thesis can be placed here Producing a Ph.D thesis

23. Production time • Allow at least a WEEK to assemble, check, print and correct last-minute errors that you have missed Producing a Ph.D thesis

24. Printing • Allow at least TWO days just to print and check your thesis - it really does take this long • Print a draft copy first and check for errors before printing final copies - get a friend or partner to proof-read the thesis to check for typos • Buy lots of extra print cartridges and good quality (90 gsm) paper in advance Producing a Ph.D thesis

25. For a 300 page thesis buy 4 reams of paper (to allow for printing errors). Search the internet for good deals - you should be able to get this for about £16 + P&P • If you have photos to print check out www.inkclub.com for glossy paper - 20 sheets cost about £4 + P&P • www.inkcycle.co.uk sell very cheap cartridges by mail order (from about£3 for a black inkjet cartridge Producing a Ph.D thesis

26. Print one chapter at a time - don’t try to merge the thesis into one document and print it as a whole • Check each thesis copy to ensure that all the pages are numbered sequentially • Senate House initially requires two copies, either two soft-bound or one soft and one hard-bound • Make an extra copy for yourself, which you should take with you to the viva • Don’t make any extra copies at this stage - there are bound to be corrections to make • If you submit two soft-bound copies, you will have to submit a hard-bound copy after the viva. Producing a Ph.D thesis

27. Binding • The spine of the thesis should have the degree, your initials and surname and the year of the award in gold lettering • University of London theses are bound in medium blue cloth • Hard bound copies currently cost £25 each andsoft bound copies cost £16 each at The Printing Centre in Store Street (two day service) Producing a Ph.D thesis

28. Submitting the Thesis • Take two copies of the thesis together with the completed Abstract of Thesis form and the Reproduction of Thesis form (UoL) or Thesis Access Declaration form and Thesis Deposit Agreement form (UCL) to the PhD Examinations Office in Senate House or your UCL Registry • The title of the thesis must correspond EXACTLY to the title on the exam entry form previously submitted Producing a Ph.D thesis

29. Although you should make every effort to correct mistakes prior to submission, you will inevitably find a few after you’ve submitted • You’ll even find them in the corrected version submitted after your viva - I still do! Producing a Ph.D thesis