The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution An Overview 1700 - 1900

2. Production Before The Industrial Revolution: Food • All goods were made by hand or grown on the farm. • Farmers grew just enough food to survive. • Surpluses might be exchanged for goods made in towns on “Market Days”.

3. Agricultural Revolution:England • Increased use of agricultural machinery and techniques enables the farmer to increase productivity. • Mechanization requires less people to work the farms. • The more land, the more products to sell. The Enclosure Act removes the poor people from the land.

4. Agricultural Revolution • Advances • Automated reaper & iron plow (later tractors) • Breeding techniques • JethroTull’s Seed Drill • Crop Rotation • Effects: • Surplus in food leads to an increase in population • Mechanization lead to less need for farm workers

5. Production Before: Essential Goods • Most necessities, such as clothing, furniture, and tools, were made on the farm or in small shops in the towns and villages. • Materials came from the farm or surrounding areas.

6. Production Before: Essential Goods • Manufacturing in towns • Some items were made in towns in guild shops • Guilds were associations of craftsmen in a certain profession. • Craftsmen used simple tools to make cloth, hardware, leather goods, etc. • Cottage Industry: Items were, essentially, hand- made by women working out of their homes.

7. Cause of Industrial Revolution:The Scientific Revolution • The discoveries and the spirit of discovery from the scientific revolution turned to more practical innovations. • The discoveries in math, physics and mechanics were the foundation of the inventions that drove the Industrial Revolution.

8. Cottage Industry • The Good: • Pro-family (keeps worker near/in home) • Worker meets quota and works at own pace • The Bad: • Owner of raw material could not track its use (inefficient control of production) • No on-site management of production • Could not mass produce • Not in control of equipment

9. Population • Where do most of the people in the United States live today?

10. Population Before Industrial Revolution • Less than 10% live in cities • Most lived in small towns or villages in the countryside. • The majority were farmers leasing small plots of land from landowners (subsistence farming). • Life and community revolved around the agricultural seasons.

11. The Family Institution • How many people are in your family? • What is the average expectancy for females and males living today? • Boys: Are you going to do what your father does when you grow up? • Girls: Are you going to be housewives or have a career?

12. Family Life: Before Industrialization • The extended family • Large families were needed to work the farms. • Families often consisted of • Grandparents • Parents • Many children (4-8 would be the average) • Uncles and aunts • Cousins • Sons followed the father’s trade. • Girls did the work of their mother, which was a housewife. • Little change from generation to generation

13. Family Life: Before Industrialization • Living conditions were hard for most people • Life revolved around the success of the crops. • Most people were malnourished and susceptible to diseases. • Frequent diseases and epidemics kept the population relatively stable. • Life expectancy was about 30-35 • Marriage and child bearing occurred during the teenage period.

14. Working: Before • Boys worked in the fields and helped make tools and other necessary implements. • Girls worked at home doing necessary chores, such as making clothes, baskets, cooking, cleaning, etc. • There was little or no pay other than a place to live and food to eat. • Everyone helped out at an early age. • No coinage or currency for the public for the easy exchange of goods and services.

15. Travel • When was the last time you went somewhere? • Where did you go? • How far did you go and how long did it take? Before industrialization you might never be 10 miles from where you were born for your entire life. Anything beyond that would be a pilgrimage.

16. Government: Before • Monarchs, great landowners, rich merchants, and clergy had most of the power in government. • Even in elected governments, like Britain’s Parliament, the representatives were males who paid large amount of taxes. • People that did not own land and pay taxes had no voice in government. • Common people, especially women, had no input.

17. Why is life so different now? • The Industrial Revolution

18. Overview of Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth but also great social and economic inequality, prompting a backlash of political, social, and economic reforms.

19. Industrial Revolution • Definition • the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine

20. In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin? • England in the 1780’s

21. Why did the Revolution begin in England? • Because England had the 4 factors for production necessary for industrialization

22. What are the four factors of production? • Land (raw material, natural resources) • Labor (skilled and unskilled labor force, management) • Capital (money for investments) • Entrepreneurs (People with a vision and the ability to make it happen)

23. Land • Natural resources such as: • water power and then coal to fuel new machines • iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings • raw materials such as cotton, hemp, wood, etc. • rivers for inland transportation • harbors from which merchant ships set sail

24. Labor • An increase in population created a surplus of workers • Enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and into the cities • Unskilled laborers were needed to run the machines • Middle management positions (factory managers, accountants, equipment managers)

25. Capital • A strong economic and political stability in England encouraged private investment • Banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and to expand operations • Business people invested in the manufacturing of new inventions

26. Entrepreneurs • People with a vision who see a need the public will respond to • People with skills and knowledge to gather the needed raw material, recruit and organize workers, and arrange for capital and investments

27. What was the first industry to be transformed by the revolution? • Textile industry • Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, in linen, and cotton.

28. Major inventions in the textile industry • Inventions that transformed the manufacture of cloth • flying shuttle • spinning jenny • water powered spinning wheels

29. Willowing Machine • Willowing was the breaking up of raw cotton and removing impurities. • Willowing machines first began to be used at the end of the 18th century. • The machine contained a large drum filled with iron spikes, which loosened and separated the fibers, and a powerful fan which blew away the dust and other impurities through a large pipe.

30. Spinning Jenny • The Spinning Jenny was an 18th century cotton spinning machine designed by James Hargreaves in 1764. • By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

31. Power Loom • This invention made it possible for weaving to become a large-scale factory based industry. • Before the invention of the power loom it was handloom weavers who made cloth. These were men who worked in the basements of their homes using wooden hand-powered looms to weave cloth.

32. Flyer Spinning Frame • Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.

33. Water Powered Mill • Water turned the paddles of a wheel, which in turn moved grinding stones or other mechanical devices.

34. Developments in England had an impact on the rest of the world • Example: • England’s cotton came from plantations in the American South, where cotton production skyrocketed in response to demand from the textile mills in England. • To meet the demand Southern cotton producers sought to expand into the new territory of the USA, taking slavery with them. • The expansion of slavery was one event that led to the American Civil War in 1861-1865.

35. How might America respond to meet this demand for cotton? • Bring in more slaves to work the crops • Inventions to help in the cotton industry • Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, for example Quickly and easily separates cotton fiber from seeds

36. American Cotton Production • Thanks to Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin, cotton production in the U.S. skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

37. Age of Steam • 1760s James Watt made significant improvement to create an effective and efficient steam engine. • Now instead of being near a river, steam power changed the location of factories to where the resources or workers were changing the landscape of England.

38. Transportation expands • Invention of the steam engine, which connected consumers, producers, and suppliers • Construction of canals • Railroads, which promoted the iron and steel industries, where the Bessemer Process was introduced • Construction of better roads

39. More about………roads • Did you know… • In the 1700s, British roads were so bad that rain and mud often made roads impassable. Men were known to drown in potholes. In one region, an inland lighthouse was built to guide travelers over treacherous roads.

40. And…more about…. • Did you know… • Early trains had no brakes, so passengers had to get out and pull the train to a stop

41. Industrialization changes ways of life • Leads to urbanization (living in cities) and urban ills • Industrialization generates wealth for some but hardship for others • As divisions between rich and poor grow, class tensions escalate

42. Effects of Industrialization • Size of Cities • Tremendous growth in population • Some cities specialize in certain industries • Factories develop near sources of energy • Growth of factories bring job seekers to cities

43. Living Conditions • No sanitary codes or building controls • Lack of adequate housing, education and police protection • Lack of running water and indoor plumbing • Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowding into one bedroom • Unpaved streets had no drains and collected heaps of garbage. • Epidemics or diseases caused by poor water and sanitary conditions regularly swept through slums (in the worst cities life expectancy was late teens to early 20s)

44. More about… • Polluted water was a major problem in British cities in the 1800s. In London, most drinking water came straight from the Thames River, which was filthy with sewage and industrial waste. In 1849, a cholera epidemic killed 400 Londoners a day.

45. Working conditions • Dirty and unsanitary factories • Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions • Harsh and severe factory discipline • Average worker, including children, spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week • No voice for the workers in the government or organization to help them

46. Child Labor • Because they could be paid less, children (and women) were often hired instead of men. • Children worked 6 a.m. to 7 or 8 p.m. • To keep them awake, mill supervisors beat them. • Tiny hands around machinery often made this very dangerous for the children.

47. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Created jobs for workers • Contributed to the wealth of nations • Fostered technological progress and inventions in transportation, agriculture, and communication • Greatly increased the production of goods worldwide

48. Effects of Industrialization • Emerging social classes • Upper class: landowners, aristocrats • Upper middle class: factory owners, merchants, government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers • lower middle class: factory overseers, skilled workers • working class: workers in factories and mines

49. Immediate Effects of the Industrial Revolution • During the 1800s, Britain, the United States, and some European countries undergo great changes as a result of the Industrial Revolution. • The widening gap between rich and poor prompts a series of social and political reforms.

50. The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms • Economic Reforms • unions, collective bargaining, strikes • Social Reforms • eventual end of child labor • new wage earning classes from the factory workers • Political Reforms • laws were passed to protect the workers