Jefferson to Madison

1. Jefferson to Madison The Embargo Act of 1807

2. Starter • What was the impact on the size of the United States with the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase? • What seaport was included in the deal that would alienate Spain? • What was the name of the young Native American girl who became part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

3. Conflict With the Barbary States • North African states demand tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean • Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon” • U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary States • Action induces respect for U.S. rights

4. The Barbary Coast

5. The Tripolitan Wars Stephen Decatur Burning the Philadelphia

6. To the Shores of Tripoli

7. The Chesapeake & Leopard Affair

8. The Embargo Act of 1807 • With France and Britain at war once again both countries began to prey on US shipping and sailors. • In an attempt to bring France and Britain under control without resorting to actually open conflict President Jefferson recommended that Congress enact an embargo against both countries. • The embargoes would include grain, cotton and tobacco.

9. The Embargo Act or 1807 • Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807 and other, related acts in January, March and April 1808. • The supplemental acts went on to include coasting vessels, fishing ships and smugglers. • Congress passed stiff penalties and authorized captains of US naval vessels and customs inspectors to stop and search any ship within US jurisdiction they had “reason to suspect” was in violation of the Embargo Acts.

10. The Embargo Act of 1807 • With such measures, Congress and the President conveniently ignored that the Fourth Amendment, which was meant to protect people “against unreasonable searches and seizures” provided that no search warrant would issue absent “probable cause” – a much higher standard than suspicion or mere opinion.

11. Embargo Act 1807 Forbade export of all goods from U.S. • Jefferson got Congress to hastily pass the act • Reasoned that a U.S. embargo would force Britain & France to respect its rights. • Loose construction of the Constitution • Congress' power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop exports. • Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights philosophy • Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy. Why? We need foreign business more than they do. • Non Intercourse Act (ended Embargo Act) • Formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except France and Britain • Remained U.S. policy until War of 1812.

12. JEFFERSON VS THE PASHA OF TRIPOLI • JEFFERSON OPPOSED LARGE ARMIES AND NAVIES • A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT • Barbary Pirates take bribe money from US ships so that they don’t take their cargo. • Pirates demands increase • Jefferson won’t pay them, and tries to over through the gov’t of Tripoli but does not succeed. • Jefferson realizes that with out a real military our nation is at risk. • AND EXPENSIVE • Because of the failed gov’t over through we pay $60,000 in ransom.

13. JEFFERSON’S NAVAL POLICY LEADS TO WEAKNESS. • JEFFS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE USEFUL • WHEN THE WAR OF 1812 COMES WE MUST BUILD REAL SHIPS TO CONTEND WITH THE BRITISH.

14. The Embargo Act of 1807 • Very unpopular in New England where commerce and shipping was an important industry. Some skilled seamen from N.E. moved to Canada so they could practice their trade. State of insurrection declared in April, 1808 in the Lake Champlain area. Massachusetts legislature declares the Act “unjust, oppressive and unconstitutional, and not legally binding on the citizens of this state.” Delaware and Connecticut follow with similar messages. • Jefferson, just days prior to his end of term, signed a bill repealing the embargo and permitting trade with the rest of the world with the exception of Britain and France, and providing the chief executive with the option to reopen trade with which ever country ceased to interfere with American shipping.

15. Macon’s Bill #2 Replaced Nonintercourse Act of 1809 Reopened trade with “Warring Powers” (Great Britain & France) Provided that: • If either nation dropped its restrictions on American trade; • America would reimpose nonintercourse on the other nation

16. Jefferson’s Legacy • Expansion became prime goal • Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic government • Total defeat of Federalists by 1816 • Jefferson kept the country out of a damaging European war • War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s first term.

17. What do you think the point is of this political?

18. What are some major events leading to The War of 1812? • US shipping was being harassed, and cargo was seized. • Britain required licenses for ships bound for Europe • France confiscated cargo from licensed ships • Impressment of American sailors • Many British sailors became naturalized US citizens and deserted British vessels and joined American crews. • British Navy kidnapped these sailors off American ships and had them rejoin the British Navy

19. What are some major events leading to The War of 1812? • Economic Diplomacy Fails (Jefferson) • Embargo Act of 1807 halted all trade with Europe • Embargo is a government ban on trade with other countries • Embargo was unpopular in port cities, especially in the North

20. Jefferson FarewellEnter James Madison • Jefferson did not want to run for a 3rd term • Madison was Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Madison was an author of 30 of the 81 the Federalist Papers (including No. 10 and No. 51) • Considered the most important contributor to the Constitution • Also the shortest President

21. What was Madison’s role leading up to The War of 1812? • Non-Intercourse Act • Forbade trade with France and Britain; however President could reopen trade when either France or Britain lifted restrictions • Was this successful? Why or Why not • War Hawks • Southern congressmen favored war, even though it hurt the east • Why did the War Hawks want war?

22. What were some of the benefits of going to war with Britain? • To allow reopening of trade • National Pride • To stop the impressment of sailors • CANADA!!!

23. What were some drawbacks to going to war? • Not everyone in the US wanted to go to war • Military was small • Standing Army was small • Militia comprised most of our forces, and they did not like to fight outside of their state borders • Navy was quite small only 22 ships • Britain was a great Superpower and could crush us like a bug and we could lose territory that was gained in the Treaty of Paris or the Louisiana Purchase

24. Reasons for the War of 1812 Congress declared the War of 1812 on June 23

25. In-Class Assignments • The country is once again going to war with Great Britain. You have three assignments: • Create a war/anti-war bumper sticker for the back of your wagon so everyone in town can see it. • Write a letter to President Madison and try to persuade him to go to war or fight to stop the impending deaths of your countrymen.

26. In-Class Assignment • You will create a graphic organizer that includes the following: • Name of first four presidents • Which events happened while they were president and a one sentence description of the event • Example provided

27. Example of graphic organizer