Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812: A Historical Perspective

2. Jefferson FarewellEnter James Madison • Jefferson did not want to run for a 3rd term • Madison was Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Madison was an author of 30 of the 81 the Federalist Papers (including No. 10 and No. 51) • Considered the most important contributor to the Constitution • Also the shortest President

3. What are some major events leading to The War of 1812? • US shipping was being harassed, and cargo was seized. • Britain required licenses for ships bound for Europe • France confiscated cargo from licensed ships • Impressment of American sailors • Many British sailors became naturalized US citizens and deserted British vessels and joined American crews. • British Navy kidnapped these sailors off American ships and had them rejoin the British Navy

4. What are some major events leading to The War of 1812? • Economic Diplomacy Fails • Embargo Act of 1807 halted all trade with Europe • Embargo is a government ban on trade with other countries • Embargo was unpopular in port cities, especially in the North

5. What was Madison’s role leading up to The War of 1812? • Non-Intercourse Act • Forbade trade with France and Britain; however President could reopen trade when either France or Britain lifted restrictions • Was this successful? Why or Why not • War Hawks • Southern congressmen favored war, even though it hurt the east • Why did the War Hawks want war?

6. What were some of the benefits of going to war with Britain? • To allow reopening of trade • National Pride • To stop the impressment of sailors • CANADA!!!

7. What were some drawbacks to going to war? • Not everyone in the US wanted to go to war • Military was small • Standing Army was small • Militia comprised most of our forces, and they did not like to fight outside of their state borders • Navy was quite small only 22 ships • Britain was a great Superpower and could crush us like a bug and we could lose territory that was gained in the Treaty of Paris or the Louisiana Purchase

8. Declaration of War • June of 1812 Madison asked Congress for declaration of war • Vote was split along regional lines • War started with Invasion of Canada

9. Indians Fight Back Since American Revolution land hungry white settlers flow into mid North west (present day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan) Indian land becoming cluttered with white man’s cabins, crops & towns Following defeat at Fallen Timbers, Indians become humiliated & hopeless Many turn to alcohol. White man diseases decimating Indian populations. Indian people and culture in danger of extinction Tension flaring between white settlers and Indians Horrors of pillage, scalping, torture..these were a reality on frontier The times called for a new leader.

10. TecumsehShawnee Indian • One of greatest Indian leaders of all time • No pictures were made of him during lifetime • No accounts in his own word was left behind • Visionary, revered, inspiring leader • Indian way of life would continue at any cost • Indians east of Mississippi will hold onto land • Mission to form alliance of ALL Indians-a Native Confederacy from Great Lakes-Mexico

11. …Tecumseh Joins forces with British He is key factor in Brit’s defense of Canada He joined British to protect Native Americans’ interests, not to aid British war efforts Killed in 1813 at Battle of Moraviantown Burial place is a mystery. Believed only Shawnee descendents know location, guarded from outsiders

12. Key Battles • US Burns York (now Toronto) • US figured the Canadians would welcome the Americans and quickly join the US to expel Britain from North America…this did not happen • Perry Defeated the British on Lake Erie • This gave the US control of Lake Erie • Britain Blockades the Eastern Seaboard • This prevented shipping from leaving, and made the war more unpopular in the Northeast

13. Dolley Madison • first First Lady • Changed face of presidency • Charming yet will of fire • Saw being First Lady as full time job • Very public, graceful and feminine Saves GW portrait from the burning Of the White House • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/dolley/player/

14. The Roof is on Fire… • In August 1814, British Forces Sailed into Chesapeake Bay and capture Washington D.C. • They burn the White House and the Capitol • Madison and Congress Barely escape

15. O say can you see… Fort McHenry- Baltimore, Maryland Star-shaped fort built after Amer. Rev to defend Baltimore port from future attacks

16. The Battle…. British believe Baltimore to be vital port city Unlike D.C., Baltimore was ready for the British British war ships continuously bombarded the fort for 25 hours British had lots of ammo and power but they were not very accurate British fired rockets and mortars on the fort British cease attack on the morning of Sept 14 1000 Americans defended vs. 4,500 British

17. Francis Scott Key • Lawyer • Key was on ship waiting to meet with British to negotiate the release of a prisoner • After the battle, in the morning the tattered flag was still waving. He was inspired & wrote the poem now known as the Star-spangled banner.

18. …flag was still there. Poem was originally titled Defense of Fort McHenry Flag still hangs in Smithsonian (Amer. History Museum) It was accepted as such by public demand for the next century or so, but became even more accepted as the national anthem during the World Series of Baseball in 1917 when it was sung in honor of the brave armed forces fighting in the Great War. The World Series performance moved everyone in attendance, and after that it was repeated for every game. Finally, on March 3, 1931, the American Congress proclaimed it as the national anthem, 116 years after it was first written.

19. Treaty of Ghent….Peace • Ghent is in Belgium • Treaty was Negotiated in Europe and was signed on Dec. 24, 1814 ending the war of 1812 • The War ended in a stalemate, where no party gained or lost any territory. • The issue of impressment was not addressed, but faded on its own.

20. Battle of New Orleans • Fought after the treaty was signed (but not ratified) • Why was New Orleans important? • Pirates and Frontiersman fought alongside US troops • Made Andrew Jackson a National hero and household name • Ensured treaty ratification

21. If The War of 1812 ended in a tie, why was it important? • Gave the United States a National Identity • We were able to hold our own against the British • Started us thinking about continuing westward expansion • Ended bad feelings toward the British • Creates a hero in Andrew Jackson and the Western Frontiersmen

22. Hartford ConventionNew England considers secession • Gathering of New England Federalists to discuss states’ rights • War of 1812 was very unpopular w/ commercial New England • Propose Constitutional Amendments against the South & West •  The Convention asked for the federal government to supply financial aid to help New England's trade economy, and for a new Constitutional amendment which required a two-thirds majority, rather than a simple 51% majority, in order for embargoes to be imposed or war to be declared. • By the time they arrive in DC to make their recommendations the war was over.

23. both Hartford Convention and Federalist Party became synonymous with disunion, secession, and treason, especially in the South. The party was ruined, and survived only in a few localities for several more years before vanishing entirely.

24. Activity Rewrite /paraphrase the Star Spangled Banner in your own words (4 verses) Create a poster for “flag etiquette” Illustrate the Star-Spangled Banner Create product displaying both sides of controversial issue of “flag burning”