Comparison of Mandates

1. Comparison of Mandates Revision • Nepal ArmyAPFNPOther Security • Def of nationComplement to NA Protector of LawHuman SecurityAgainst internal div Against terrorismPublic disorderInter-state boundary Developmental RoleBorder SecurityPublic safety State-Intl boundary Peacekeeping RolePeacekeepingPeacekeepingFood SecurityInstallation SecurityVVIP SecurityVVIP Security Endemic/ Epidemic Disaster MgmtDisaster Mgmt Disaster Mgmt Energy SecurityWild-life ResHigh way SecurityInvestigation-CrimeCyber Security National pksAnti TerroristCrime Control Floods/Land slidesInternal SecurityRiot ControlMassive fire controlOff/Def Role Industrial SecuritySmuggle Peacekeeping Role ?Narcotic corruptionInternal Security ? Money Laundering • Disaster Mgmt ?Ungoverned space • Developmental Role? Nepali living abroad • Industrial Security Creation of national Security and developmental Directorate under NA ?

2. Civil Defense Defending Civilians during war and disasters

3. Civil Defense / Protection Development as concept • It was developed as an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally non-combatants) from military attack. • Programs were implemented in many countries since 1920s. • After the Cold War, the focus of civil defense has largely shifted from military attack to emergencies and disasters in general. • The new concepts-specific shade of meaning:crisis management, emergency management, emergency preparedness, contingency planning, emergency services, and civil protection.

4. Civil Defense • USA adopted this only after the threat of nuclear weapons was realized. - Emergency operations - Prevention - Mitigation - Preparation - Response or emergency evacuation - Recovery It is prepared and executed in phases: • Most of European nations inclthe former USSR developed their plans based on protection of civilian populations against the nuclear attack. • Strong sirens, forcing the civ-population into the basement / dugout positions and provision of grocery was the planning. It was challenged by the ‘Peace activists’ as Mutually assured Destruction (MAD) was a situation no body would escape. • After the Cold War, the West is focusing on Chemical, Biological and Terrorist attack.

5. Civil Defense • US replaced theUnited States civil defensewith the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). • US again replaced the FEMA (after 7/11/2001) by Homeland Security. CD-Logo New Logo after 7/11

6. Civil Defense Europe • The term ‘civil protection’ is widely used within the EU to refer to Govt-approved systems and resources tasked with protecting the non-combatant population, primarily in the event of natural and technological disasters. • New development: Preparedness for technological disasters resulting from terrorist attack. Within EU countries the term ‘crisis management’ emphasis the political and security dimension rather than measures to satisfy the immediate needs of the population. • In Australia, civil defense is the responsibility of the volunteer-basedState Emergency Service.

7. Civil Defense Principle of Civil defense: • A country's population is more valuable than all of the land, factories and other assets that it possesses (Property). •  People can rebuild their country after its destruction. Therefore, the country must protect its people. • Psychologically, it is imp for people to feel like they are in control of their own destiny, and preparing for uncertainty via civil defensemay help to achieve this. • If the people are not in control, and the preparations ineffective, the government loses its credibility and the respect of its citizens.

8. Threat Assessment • Threats to civilians and civilian life include NBC (Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical warfare) and others, like the more modern term CBRN, Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear -Conventional: Protection against Conventional explosives a  blast shelteris designed to protect only from radiation and fallout. -Nuclear: Shelter to protect against nuclear blast effects. Built with thick concrete and other sturdy elements which are resistant to conventional explosives. The biggest threats from a nuclear attack are effects from the blast, fires and radiation. Switzerland is the best prepared nation. Almost every building in Switzerland has an abri (shelter)against the initial nuclear bomb and explosion. Swiss use it as a safe to protect valuables, photos, financial information and so on. Switzerland also has air-raid and nuclear-raid sirens in every village.

9. Threat.. -Dirty Bomb: ‘Radiologicallyenhanced weapon’ , or “dirty bomb” uses an explosive to spread radioactive material. Depending on the quantity of the radioactive material, the dangers may be mainly psychological. Toxic effects can be managed by standard hazmattechnique. (HAZMAT or HazMat) is abbreviation of hazardous materials. "HazMat teams" are personnel specially trained to handle dangerous goods. Dangerous goods include materials that are radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing, asphyxiating, bio hazardous, toxic, pathogenic, or allergenic.

10. Threat • Biological • The threat here is primarily from disease-causing • Micro-organisms (bacteria and viruses). • Chemical • Various chemical agents are a threat such asnerve gas (VX, Sarin, etc.)

11. Civil Defense - Stages • Mitigation • It is a process of actively preventing the war or the release of nu-weapons. It includes policy analysis, diplomacy, political measures, nu-disarmament and more military responses such as a National Missile Defense and air defense artillery • In the case of counter-terrorism, mitigation would include diplomacy, intelligence gathering and direct action against terrorist groups.

12. Mitigation • Mitigation is the process of actively preventing the war or the release of nuclear weapons. • It includes policy analysis, diplomacy, political measures, nuclear disarmament and more military responses such as a National Missile Defense and air defense artillery. In the case of counter-terrorism, mitigation would include diplomacy, intelligencegathering and direct action against terrorist groups. • Mitigation may also be reflected in long-term planning such as the design of the interstate highway system and the placement of military bases further away from populated areas.

13. Preparation • Blast shelters, and pre-positioning information, supplies and emergency infrastructure. • Underground facilities located near major railheads. • Continuous updating of government inventories of grain silos, the Strategic National Stockpile, Strategic Petroleum Reserve, the dispersal of lorry-transportable bridges, water purification, mobile refineries, mobile de-contamination facilities. • Temporary housing to speedy civil recovery. • Issue of potassium iodide (KI) tablets, (nu-fallout) to protect thyroid gland from the uptake of dangerous radioactive iodine. • Mask and sunglasses – to protect against alpha particles (an internal hazard).

14. Preparations.. National, regional and local • To est a framework for effective and rapid cooperation between different civil protection services when mutual assistance is needed (police, fire service, healthcare service, public utility provider, voluntary agencies). • To set up and implement training programs for intervention and coordination teams (know each other weakness and strength). • To enhance the coherence of actions undertaken at international level in the field of civil protection especially in the context of cooperation. • Preparing also includes sharing information: • -Inform the public on regular intervals on increased/decreased level of threats. • -Get information on national civil protection capabilities, military and medical resources. • -Ensure efficient information sharing between the different authorities.

15. Response CD emergency will always be a problem. Existing emergency services will beoverloaded, fire fighting response times will take several days. Some capability will be available in other areas, and an emergency reserve can be provided by specialized military units, especially civil affairs, Military Police, Judge Advocates and combat engineers. • Warning civilians to enter Fallout Shelters and protect assets. -Maintain a mass-trained , Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT), as volunteer emergency workers. They perform emergency activities if liaised and sp by local govt. -The populace rescues itself from most situations, and provides information to a central office to prioritize professional emergency services. -CERT work under the Department of Homeland Security, which certifies training programs by local governments, and maintains a register of those "certified disaster service workers" who had completed the training.

16. Recovery • Rebuilding damaged infrastructure, buildings and production. • The recovery phase is the longest and ultimately most expensive phase. • Once the immediate "crisis" is over, cooperation fades away and recovery efforts are often politicized or seen as economic opportunities. • Preparation for recovery can be very helpful. If mitigating resources are dispersed before the attack, Many social failures can be prevented. • On riverside cities it is always good to have a "tourist ferry" that performs scenic cruises on the river. When a bridge is down, the ferry takes up the load.

17. Civil Defense Organization • After the Cold War, many CD organizations have been disbanded or mothballed (as in the UK and the US civil defense), while others have changed their focuses into providing rescue services after natural disasters (as for the State Emergency Service in Australia). • Ideal of CD have been incorporated in the US under Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s Citizen Corps and Community Emergency Response Team (CERT). • In the UK, the roles carried out by Civil Defense fall to voluntary groups such as  Search and Rescue Teams. • InIreland, the Civil Defense is still very much an active organization and is occasionally called upon for its Auxiliary Fire Service and ambulance/rescue services when emergencies such as flash flooding occur and require additional manpower.

18. Civil defense organizations (Concluding remarks) • The old US civil defense logo. The triangle emphasized the 3-step Civil Defense philosophy used before the foundation of FEMA and Comprehensive Emergency Management. • Civil Defense is also the name of a number of organizations around the world dedicated to protecting civilians from military attacks, as well as to providing rescue services after natural and human-made disasters alike. • In a few countries such as Jordan and Singapore , civil defense is essentially the same organization as the fire brigade. • In most countries however, civil defense is a government-managed, volunteer-staffed organization, separate from the fire brigade and the ambulance service.

19. Civil Defence and India • World War II (1939-45): - CD aimed to safeguard the life and minimize the damage of the property of the civilians and also to maintain the continuity of productive and economic activity of the nation during war time crisis. • Revived after Sino-Indian conflict during 962. The post of DGCD, for the first time, was created in 1962. • The CD Policy of the GoI until 1962 was confined to making the States and Union Territories conscious of the need of civil protection measures. They made civil protection paper plans for major cities and towns under the then Emergency Relief Organisation (ERO) scheme.

20. CD and India • Chinese aggression of 1962 and Pakistan war in 1965. • CD Policy-evolved and legislation enacted in the Parliament in 1968. • CD Act 1968 is applicable throughout the country. • Org is created in areas that are vulnerable from enemy attack . • Planned in 225 towns in 35 States/Union Territories. • Organized on voluntary basis . Small number of paid staff and establishment are kept which is augmented during emergencies. • Target of CD volunteers is 12.49 lks (10.8 lks is already raised) • These volunteers are administered and trained by 68 Deputy Controllers, 17 Medical Officers and 503 Nos. of full time paid posts. C. D. Instructors.

21. Training for CD Force • CD Corps has the following 12 services in which volunteers are trained:- • Headquarter Service • Warden Service • Communication Service • Casualty Service • Fire Fighting Service • Rescue Service • Welfare Service • Salvage Service • Corpse Disposal Service • Depot & Transport Service • Training Service • Supply Service

22. Preparations CD Towns : • Early warning communication : Telephone and radio/ wireless, have established for command and control, co-ordination and liaison and also for mutual aid and co-operation. • Broadcast Facilities (SBF) and Centres, Control of Sirens (CCS) has also been developed in collaboration with ITI, Bangalore. • CD Training is conducted on a three tier concept, i. e., Local/Town level, at State level and at National level. • National CD College, Nagpur, est in 1957, conducts various courses in CiD and Disaster Relief Management both for national and foreign participants. • CD volunteers deployed in relief and rescue work during natural calamities like flood, earthquake, cyclone and drought, etc. by the State Government/Union Territories.

23. Conclusion • If the land and property is lost it can be regained. If the life is lost it is lost fore-ever. • Civil defense aims to save the people in general and non-combatants in particular during war. • It is safety and security against both man made and natural disaster. • Civil defense is executed during emergency. Is best managed by trained voluntary civilians. • Civil defense is generally organized against threats like-Conventional war, Nu, Bio, Che and Radiological attacks . • Many countries in the west have civil-defense system and it is prepared and conducted in phase as under: -Emergency operations -Prevention -Mitigation - Preparation -Response or emergency evacuation -Recovery

24. Conclusion Frame work CBRN Ferry First Responder: Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT), Recovery Fuel Decontamination units Transportable bridges People Food Water Clothing Medicine Sanitation Masks Generators Defense support: civil affairs, Military Police, Judge Advocates and combat engineers.