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Cambodia

Cambodia. Heather Allison Spring 2010. Quick Facts. Population: 14,562,00 Capital: Phnom Penh Size: 69, 898 sq. miles Language: Khmer Religion: 90% Theravada Buddhism, Muslim, Christianity Ethnic Groups: 96% Ethnic Khmer, Chan-Malays, Vietnamese, Chinese. Quick Facts.

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Cambodia

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  1. Cambodia Heather Allison Spring 2010

  2. Quick Facts • Population: 14,562,00 • Capital: Phnom Penh • Size: 69, 898 sq. miles • Language: Khmer • Religion: 90% Theravada Buddhism, Muslim, Christianity • Ethnic Groups: 96% Ethnic Khmer, Chan-Malays, Vietnamese, Chinese

  3. Quick Facts • GDP: $11,250 Billion $823 per Capita • Currency: Riel $1 U.S. = 4,139.51 Riels • Population below Poverty ($1 a day): 1/3 • 90.5% rural areas • 7.2% urban areas • 2.3% Phnom Penh • Population Make-up: 80% live in rural areas • Exports: Rice, fish, timber, garments & rubber • Tourist industry • Political Make-up: Constitutional Monarchy • Prime Minister and Parliament

  4. Quick Facts • Child Mortality Rates are the highest in the region • 90 children out of 1,000 die under the age of 5 • 68 out of 1,000 die as infants • Life Expectancy: 61 years of age • HIV rate 15-49: 1.6%

  5. History • Angkor / Pre-French • Education done in wats • Education used to bring about loyalty and serve as a foundation for survival

  6. History • 1863 – French Treaty • Little done with education • Establishment of some Khmer-Franco schools • Modernized temple schools • 1942 – Japan and World War II • Different push for education • 1945 – Declared independence from France

  7. History • 1952 – Education Boom by Prince Sihanouk • “Cambodianization” • More facilities • Push French educational system • Push secondary education • Tertiary level expanded • Problems with “Cambodianization” • Moved too far from traditions • Not economically affordable • System did not meet the needs of the country • French education was opening the minds • 1953 – Declared complete independence from France • 1970 – Deposed of Prince Sihanouk

  8. History • March 1970 – Lon Nol elected • Khmerization • Change back to Khmer • Create skilled and qualified workforce • Balance among education levels • Civil War • Half of the country under guerrilla Communist control • Education was just not happening.

  9. History • April 17, 1975 – Democratic Kampuchea / Khmer Rough march into Phnom Penh • New Constitution • Everyone equal / Everyone works • Pol Pot’s Educational Thoughts • Knowledge of letters and numbers are needed for technology • You have to practice with the technology • Learning could only occur by cultivating political consciousness • Official contempt for education

  10. History • March 1979 – Vietnam Invasion • Schools started opening • New system based on Vietnam’s system • Socialism • 1989 – Constitution amended • Go back to Cambodian traditions and away from Communist ideals • September 1989 – Complete withdrawal of Vietnamese troops

  11. History • 1993 – Elections held • Prime Minister elected • Prince Sihanouk asked to be king again • Government led policies in place • Restoration of buildings • Textbooks • Teacher training • Improvements on exams • 1996 – National Curriculum put into place • Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports established

  12. Education • Literacy Rate: 76% of 15 and older • Primary School Enrollment: 89% • Pupil Teacher Ration: 51 • Students who go from primary to secondary: 79% • 1.6 Million children do not attend school full time • Percentage of students who do not have access to secondary education: 89 • Safety • Transportation • Girls needed at home • Cannot afford the education

  13. Education • Pre-School – not compulsory • 3 years • 10.6% enrolled • Primary Education – compulsory for ages 6 – 11 • 90% enrolled but some areas only 40% • Secondary Education • Lower Secondary – compulsory for ages 12 – 14 • 22.9% enrolled • Upper Secondary – not compulsory • 3 years • 11.6% enrolled

  14. Education Curriculum • National Curriculum • Schools, local communities, community groups, NGOs and private education providers are expected to develop programs to enrich the curriculum. • Education for All National Plan 2003-2015 • Equitable access to basic education • High Quality upper secondary provisions • Pro-poor financing policy • Efficient management of resources • Accountability through development standards

  15. Curriculum - Grades 1 - 10 • Khmer language and literature • Math • Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth and Environmental Studies) • Social Studies (History, Geography, Home economics, Art Education, Morals and Civics) • Foreign Language • Health, PE, and Sport • Local Life Skills Program

  16. Curriculum – Grades 11 and 12 • Compulsory • Khmer • PE/Health/Sport • Foreign Language • English • French • Math • Basic • Advanced

  17. Curriculum – Grades 11 and 12 • EVEP (Elective Vocational Education Program) • ICT/Technology • Accounting/Business management • Local Vocational Technology Subjects • Tourism • Art Education • Students who choose basic Math have 4 electives • Students who choose advanced Math have 3 electives • Study same subjects both years • Electives • Sciences • Physics • Chemistry • Biology • Earth and Environmental Studies • Social Studies • Moral/Civics • History • Geography • Economics

  18. Special Education • Is acknowledged in National Curriculum • Limited number of special education schools ran by charitable organizations • Little to no support for students and teachers in the mainstream

  19. Funding • 16% of GDP • 12.4% of Government budget • Almost have more money donated than given by government • Spending not equitable among levels, programs, or areas • Parents donating have some control

  20. Teacher Programs • Teacher training colleges train primary and secondary • 2 year program • 12 total years of education • Teach upper secondary • 1 year post graduate program at the Faculty of Pedagogy • Training focuses on academic upgrading not methodology or in-school teaching practices

  21. Higher Education • Tertiary level – 2-3 years • Bachelor’s – 4 years • Medicine and Dentistry – 7 years • 9 public higher ed institutions • 15 offer technical and professional training • Competitive • Schools give own test • There are no set curriculums or financial management regulations

  22. Educational Issues • Teachers • Instructed by National Curriculum to be more student centered but lack the skills • Lack teaching material • No support • Large class size • Double shift classes • Student – Teacher contact is low • High absentee from teachers • Teachers are not qualified • Salaries are low • Poor working conditions • Socioeconomic and professional status is low • Few incentives • Corruption in charging students

  23. Educational Issues • Gender • Women are considered lower status • Women’s role is household manager • Girls carry out more income generating activities • Social ideals that males have more intelligence • Lack employment opportunities • Safety concerns • Physical Needs • Shortage of school buildings • Shortage of core teaching materials • Instructional hours needed inadequate • Curriculum not implemented • No desks, chalkboards, walls, roofs, toilets

  24. Questions • What can we learn from Cambodia’s history relating to education? • What will it take for Cambodia’s educational system to really be effective or is it even possible? • Can we use anything from Cambodia’s current educational mindset?

  25. References Ayres, D.M. (2000). Anatomy of a Crisis. University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu. Cambodia Cultural Profile http://www.culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-28.html Cambodia’s Leading Independent Development Policy Research Institute. www.cdri.org.kh/webdata/download/wp/wp10e.pdf Chandler, D. (2008). A History of Cambodia. Westview: Philadelphia. UNESCO Institute for Statistics http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4060&BR_Region=40515 UNESCO International Bureau of Education. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/Countries/WDE/2006/ASIA_and_the_PACIFIC/Cambodia/Cambodia.pdf Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. http://www.moeys.gov.kh/ UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_2190.html

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