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Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices. Chapter 3. Chapter 3 Outline. Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed and Capacity memory characteristics and functions Secondary Storage

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Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

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  1. Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices Chapter 3 Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  2. Chapter 3 Outline • Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology • Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed and Capacity • memory characteristics and functions • Secondary Storage • Input and Output Devices: The Gateway to Computer Systems • Computer System Types, Standards, Selecting and Upgrading Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  3. Computer Systems: Integrating the Power of Technology Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  4. Hardware Components • 1. Processor (CPU) • 2. Memory (primary storage) • 3. Secondary storage • 4. Input devices • 5. Output devices • 6. Communications devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  5. How A Computer Thinks: The Processor • Step 1: Fetch instruction • Step 2: Decode instruction • Step 3: Execute the instruction • Step 4: Store results Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  6. Processing & Memory Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  7. Processing Characteristics and Functions • Machine cycle time is measured in: • Microseconds (1 millionth) • Nanoseconds (1 billionth) • Picoseconds (1 trillionth) • MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per Second) • Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time • Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second • Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second • Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  8. Clock Speed Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  9. Wordlength and Bus Line Width • Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer • Wordlength: number of bits that can be processed together as a unit. Equal to the size of the processor’s registers. • Bus lines: electrical circuits used as central paths for data flow. • Bus line width: number of “lanes” on the bus available for carrying data. Should match word size. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  10. Physical Characteristics of the CPU • Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance • Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  11. History of Computing: Eniac 5 • Built during WWII: The first electronic computer • Used huge numbers of vacuum tubes. • These often broke down and had to be replaced. • The term “computer bug” comes from the fact that moths would sometimes get into the vacuum tube arrays and be the source of some of the tubes breaking down. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  12. Semiconductors or Solid State Electronics • Using these, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain (1947) created the first “solid state” transistor, essentially an electronically controlled switch, • Made using semiconductors but much more durable than a vacuum tube. • The 2nd generation of computers were the first to use solid state technology. • Their Central Processing Units (CPUs) were built on large scale circuit boards. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  13. Integrated Circuits • In 1958, Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments created the first “Integrate Circuit”, shrinking the size of the semiconductor transistors. • Integrated circuits (ICs) make possible the creation of complex circuits on a single chip. • The first IC-based microprocessors (“CPU on a chip”) were manufactured around 1970. • This led to the creation of the microcomputer. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  14. Moore’s Law • Intel’s first microprocessor, the 4004, was manufactured in 1971, had 4 bit words and 1 kilobyte of primary memory. • The miniaturization of the integration circuits has continued at a rapid, more or less predictable pace since the 1960s. • Intel’s Gordon Moore, seeing this trend, used it to predict the no. of possible transistors on a chip and/or trends in processing power. • IC technology will eventually be replaced by some other technology, but should continue for about 10 years. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  15. Moore’s Law Moore’s Law - transistor density/processing power on an integrate circuit doubles every 18 months Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  16. CISC and RISC • Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible • Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  17. memory characteristics and functions Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  18. Storage Capacity Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  19. Memory Types • Random Access Memory (RAM) Types: • EDO (Extended Data Out) • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) • Read Only Memory (ROM) Types: • ROM • PROM (programmable ROM) • EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  20. Cache Memory Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  21. Multiprocessing • Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time • Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  22. Massively Parallel Processing Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  23. Secondary Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  24. Secondary Storage • Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy • Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  25. Secondary Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  26. Access Methods • Sequential: records must be retrieved in order • Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASD) • Direct: records can be retrieved in any order • Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  27. Storage Devices • Magnetic tapes • Magnetic disks • RAID • Storage area networks (SAN) • Optical disks • Magneto-optical (MO) disks • Digital versatile disks (DVDs) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  28. Magnetic Disks Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  29. Storage Area Network Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  30. Digital Versatile Disk Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  31. Additional Devices and Media • Memory cards • Flash memory • Expandable storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  32. Expandable Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  33. Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  34. Characteristics and Functionality • Data - can be human or machine readable • Data entry - converts human readable data into machine-readable form • Data input - transfers machine-readable data into the system • Source data automation - capturing and editing data at its source Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  35. Input and Output Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  36. Input Devices • Personal computer input devices • Keyboard • Mouse • Voice-recognition devices • Digital cameras • Terminals Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  37. Digital Computer Cameras Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  38. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  39. Output Devices • Display monitors • Printers and plotters • Music devices • Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) • Active matrix • Passive matrix Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  40. Printers Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  41. Computer System Types, Standards, Selecting, and Upgrading Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  42. Computer System Types Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  43. Computer System Types Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  44. Standards Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  45. Standards Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  46. Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems • Hard drive considerations • Main memory considerations • Printer considerations Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  47. Example of Price Lists Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  48. Summary • Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS • Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle • Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data • Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  49. Principles and Learning Objectives • Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization. • DESCRIBE HOW TO SELECT AND ORGANIZE COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SUPPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM OBJECTIVES AND BUSINESS ORGANIZATION NEEDS Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  50. Principles and Learning Objectives • When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization. • DESCRIBE THE POWER, SPEED, AND CAPACITY OF CENTRAL PROCESSING AND MEMORY DEVICES. • DESCRIBE THE ACCESS METHODS, CAPACITY, AND PORTABILITY OF SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES. • DISCUSS THE SPEED, FUNCTIONALITY, AND IMPORTANCE OF INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES. • IDENTIFY POPULAR CLASSES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND DISCUSS THE ROLE OF EACH. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

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