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Igneous Rocks: crystallization of magma. They include two types of igneous rocks

Igneous Rocks: crystallization of magma. They include two types of igneous rocks. I ntrusive or plutonic magma crystallizes at depth in the Earth : Granite. Volcanic or extrusive: magma crystallizes on the surface of the Earth: Lava. Igneous rocks.

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Igneous Rocks: crystallization of magma. They include two types of igneous rocks

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  1. Igneous Rocks: crystallization of magma. They include two types of igneous rocks Intrusive or plutonic magma crystallizes at depth in the Earth: Granite • Volcanic or extrusive: magma crystallizes on the surface of the Earth: Lava

  2. Igneous rocks Very Fast cooling (days) on the surface results in many small crystals or quenching to a glass. Obsidian, pumice Fast cooling (days to weeks) small crystals fine grain: basalt Slow cooling (103s of years) large crystals, course grain.

  3. Sedimentary rock • Limestone: sea shells , CaCO3 Sandstone : seas shells and mud Zion National Park

  4. Metamorphic rocks: Sedimentary or Igneous rocks that have been squashed and /or heated Pressure: Major Earth movements ( Earthquakes) example: Gneiss Heat close to Igneous intrusion Ex. schist

  5. Rock Cycle • How can sedimentary rock become igneous rock? • How can igneous rock become sedimentary rock?

  6. Abundance of elements in earth’s crust • O • Si • Al • Fe • Ca • Na • K • Mg

  7. Mining • Caterpillar’s view of mining

  8. Surface mining environmental effects • Habitat destruction • Soil erosion • Air pollution from dust particulates • Pollution (especially from sediments) • Acid mine damage • Water and oxygen dissolve and react with compounds • FeS2 is oxidized • H2SO4

  9. Surface mining • Strip mining, as the name describes, is a process of removing rock and soil in strips to get to the valuable mineral ores below. • Alberta tar sands • 4 barrels of water to make 1 barrel of oil • Water gets put into a slurry pit, not back into river.

  10. Surface mining: Mountain Top Removal (MTR) • similar to the strip mining but on a much larger scale.

  11. Open pit mine • Pit mining involves digging a large hole to gather rocks and minerals from the Earth’s crust • Tar sand pits in Alberta: Energy: Water: Pollution: Global warming

  12. Surface mining • Disrupts land • Topography: alters the watershed • Soil texture: compacts soil, decrease particle size • Soil microbes: reduces nutrient cycling • Pollutes surface and ground water • Sedimentation: dams water ways, inhibits development of eggs and larvae • Acid drainage: Pyrite contains sulfur • FeS2 + H20 > Fe + SO + H • Mine subsidence • Above ground collapses

  13. Reclaim the land • Establish topography to prior condition • Replace topsoil • Seed and plant native vegetation

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