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Language and Calligraphy

Language and Calligraphy. Cultural Tour of China 2009. Mandarin. - Guanhua , an official language used in the government, the language of officials Guoyu - National language Putonghua - Common Speech, Common Language Huayu or Huawen – Singapore or overseas. Current status and Future.

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Language and Calligraphy

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  1. Language and Calligraphy Cultural Tour of China 2009

  2. Mandarin • - Guanhua, an official language used in the government, the language of officials • Guoyu - National language • Putonghua - Common Speech, Common Language • Huayu or Huawen – Singapore or overseas

  3. Current status and Future • Hanyu is used by 720 million people • 70% of the population of China speak Hanyu • One fifth of world population speak Hanyu (885 million ) • Mandarin belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family • Mandarin will become the major language in Asia in the 21 century.

  4. Dialects • Northern (Mandarin)-Beijing • Wu-Shanghai • Min Southern - Fuzhou • Min Northen - Xiamen • Yue (Cantonese)- Guangzhou • Kejia (Hakka) • Xiang - Changsha • Gan - Nanchang

  5. Pronunciation • The number of syllables are limited: 432. There are 1376 syllables if all tonal variation is taken into account. (Liu, 1957) • Vowels are predominant. • There are four tones in Mandarin.

  6. Vowels are predominant • Vowels are predominant • lǎo, miáo, lèi • One syllable has at most two consonants • nóng – consonants: [n] and [ng] • There are no consonant clusters • [sp] ‘speak’ • [st] ‘steak’ • [kst] ‘text’

  7. Four tones in Mandarin • māmámǎmà • 妈 麻 马 骂 • mother hemp horse to scold

  8. There are five tones in Shanghai dialect. There are nine tones in Cantonese dialect.

  9. 石室詩士施氏﹐嗜獅﹐誓食十獅。氏時時適市視獅。十時﹐適十獅適市。是時﹐適施氏適市。氏視是十獅﹐恃矢勢﹐使是十獅逝世。氏拾是十獅尸﹐適石室。石室濕﹐氏使侍拭石室。石室拭﹐氏始試食是十獅。食時﹐始識是十獅屍﹐實石獅屍。試釋是事。(趙元任《語言問題》商務印書館石室詩士施氏﹐嗜獅﹐誓食十獅。氏時時適市視獅。十時﹐適十獅適市。是時﹐適施氏適市。氏視是十獅﹐恃矢勢﹐使是十獅逝世。氏拾是十獅尸﹐適石室。石室濕﹐氏使侍拭石室。石室拭﹐氏始試食是十獅。食時﹐始識是十獅屍﹐實石獅屍。試釋是事。(趙元任《語言問題》商務印書館

  10. Shíshìshīshìshīshì, shìshī, shìshíshíshī. Shìshíshíshìshìshìshī. Shíshí, shìshíshīshìshì. Shìshí, shìShīshìshìshì. Shìshìshìshíshī, shìshìshì, shǐshìshíshīshìshì. Shìshíshìshíshīshū, shìshíshì. Shíshìshì, shìshǐshìshùshíshì. Shíshìshì, shìshǐshìshíshìshíshī. Shíshí, shǐshìshìshíshīshī, shíshíshī. Shìshìshìshì

  11. Translation of “SHI” story • The poet Mr. Shi who lived in a stone house liked to eat lions. He swore that he would eat ten lions. He went to the market often to look for lions. At ten o’clock, it happened that ten lions were in the market. At that time, Mr. Shi happened to arrive in the market too. Mr. Shi looked at the ten lions and he shoot the ten lions with arrows. He picked the dead bodies of the ten lions and returned to his stone house. The stone house was wet. He made the servant to clean the room. After the room was cleaned, he began to try to eat these ten lions. Only by the time of eating, he found that these dead bodies of lions were actually stone lions. Try to explain this story.

  12. Way of Chinese Writing • Non-phonetic: a character has no clue to its pronunciation • Ideographic or pictographic: characters are derived from the pictures (More in the second half of today’s class) • The writing unit is character. Characters can be written vertically or horizontally, from left to write, from right to left, or from top to bottom

  13. A character has no clue to its pronunciation 豳 bīn

  14. Characters are derived from pictures

  15. Characters can be written horizontally, from left to write or from right to left

  16. Various styles of writing

  17. Power to form new words • When new words were introduced to Chinese, most words were translated into Chinese and the new words were coined based on the meaning of each character. • telephone 電話diànhuà electric speech • television 電視diànshì electric vision • computer 電腦diànnǎo electric brain • laser 激光jīguāng activated beam • railway 鐵路tiělù iron road

  18. Load words • radar léidá雷達 • model mótèěr模特兒 • pound bàng磅 • shock xiūkè休克 • humor yōumò幽默 • cola kělè可樂 • sofa shāfā沙發

  19. Chinese for Travelers • Hello • Goodbye • Thank you • I am sorry • Please • Teacher • Where is the bathroom? • How much does this cost? • Too much—Cut Price • 1 2 3 4 5

  20. Review questions • 1. Explain the following terms: Guanhua, Mandarin, Putonghua, Guoyu, Hanyu, Huayu. • 2. How many people speak Mandarin? Where are they? • 3. What language family does Chinese belong to? • 4. Is Chinese language a unique language? What are the varieties of Chinese? • 5. What are typological characteristics of Chinese? • 6. In what way is Chinese influenced by other languages?

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