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EECS 826 – InSAR and Applications Utilizing SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

EECS 826 – InSAR and Applications Utilizing SAR Systems for Landmine Detection . EECS 826 Jason Kieffaber April 28, 2009. Overview. Agenda Overview GPR and UWB Basics GPR Basics UWB Basics UWB GPR Systems Current Systems Rail-GPSAR BoomSAR REMIDS Summary

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EECS 826 – InSAR and Applications Utilizing SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

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  1. EECS 826 – InSAR and Applications Utilizing SAR Systems for Landmine Detection EECS 826 Jason Kieffaber April 28, 2009

  2. Overview • Agenda • Overview • GPR and UWB Basics • GPR Basics • UWB Basics • UWB GPR Systems • Current Systems • Rail-GPSAR • BoomSAR • REMIDS • Summary • Questions and References EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  3. Overview • Background (Costs) • 110 Million deployed • 60+ countries • 100+ Million awaiting deployment • Deployment cost: $3-$30 • Clearing cost: $300-$1000 • 2000 people/month (mostly civilians) • Survivor costs: $5000 • Viable for at least 50 years • 1100 years to clear EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  4. Overview • Background (Land Mines) • Anti-Tank Landmines • Buried • Larger/Uniform • War-time Use • Anti-Personnel Landmines • Surface Placement • Foliage Cover • Smaller/Less Uniform • Civilian Use/Targets EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  5. Overview • Background (Clearing) • War-Time • Military Focus • Anti-Tank Emphasis • Forward Looking • Speed • Post-War • Humanitarian Focus • Anti-Personnel • Longer Time-Scale • Removal vs. Intentional Detonation EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  6. GPR and UWB Basics • Ground Penetrating and Ultra Wide-Band RADAR • GPR Basics • Acquisition Platform • Propagation • Target Recognition • UWB Basics • Frequency and Bandwidth • GPR UWB Systems Summary EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  7. GPR and UWB Basics • Acquisition Platform • Common GPR Methodology • Reflection Seismology • Antenna/Ground Coupled • Time Consuming • Dangerous for Mines EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  8. GPR and UWB Basics • Acquisition Platform (Ground Based) • Near-Earth • Metal Detector Coupled • Vehicle Mounted • Forward Looking • Boom Mounted • Negatives • Still Dangerous • Incomplete Coverage • Real-Time Requirements • No Ground Contact • Time Consuming (False Positives) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  9. GPR and UWB Basics • Acquisition Platform (Airborne) • Common SAR Methods • Safe (Generally) • Real-Time Not Required • Faster/More Coverage • Accessibility • Post Analyze False Targets • Negatives • Fewer Samples • No Ground Contact EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  10. GPR and UWB Basics • Propagation • Multiple Reflection Boundaries • Homogeneous Assumption • Air/Ground Boundary • Ground/Target Boundary • Uniform Soil Type • Reality • Air/Foliage Boundary • Air/Ground Boundary • Ground/Ground Boundary • Ground/Target Boundary • Generally Non-Uniform Soil EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  11. GPR and UWB Basics • Propagation (Soil Dielectrics) • Index of Refraction Tied to Dielectric Constant • Permeability: µr ≈ 1 • Permittivity/Dielectric Constant εr • Dielectric Constant Depends on Moisture • Snell’s Law • Moisture Content Depends on Soil Type • Permeability ≈ 1 (Most Soil) • Complex Relationship • Could be Multiple Boundaries EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  12. GPR and UWB Basics • Propagation (Solutions) • Traditional GPR • Extensive Operator Training • Small Areas, Near Constant Soil Characteristics • Non-Traditional Options • Remove/Compensate for Boundary Changes • Air/Ground Relatively Easy, Others Complex • Usually Post-Processing • Simple Migration Compensation • Complex Dielectric Modeling • Algorithmic Training EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  13. GPR and UWB Basics • Propagation (Migration Compensation) [McClellan et. al.] • Conventional Focusing Techniques Inadequate • Multipath Issues • Non-Hyperbolic • Response • Post Filter Differently • 2-D FIR Filter • Simple Model • Successive Focus • Steps EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  14. GPR and UWB Basics • Propagation (Modeling) [Jin, Zhou, et. al.] • ψt = Real{θt} • Incident Electric Field at Z • Transmission Factors • Geometry • COMPLEX! EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  15. GPR and UWB Basics • Propagation (Training) • Training • Apply a Suite of Algorithmic Processes • Requires Post Processing • Requires Multiple/Varying Passes • Multiple Simple Migration Passes • Index of Complex Soil Dielectrics • Time and Processing Intensive • Not Applicable for Real Time Applications • Still More Art Than Science EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  16. GPR and UWB Basics • Target Recognition • False Positives • Single Biggest Problem • Rock vs. Junk vs. Bush vs. Mine • Conservative Estimate of 10:1 • Wasted Time • Target Recognition/ROI Identification Improvements • Interference Suppression • Symmetry Recognition • ESD Recognition • Simple Training Methodology EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  17. GPR and UWB Basics • Target Recognition (Interference) [Zhang, Song, et. al.] • Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) • With Small Sample Size, Cannot Accurately Estimate • No Estimation, No Compensation • Enlarge Sample Size • 2-D Fourier (If Band-limited) • Fan Shaped Regions of Validity • Provides Superior Rejection • If Band-limited, Can Achieve • Better RFI Rejection EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  18. GPR and UWB Basics • Target Recognition (Symmetry) [Carin, Ressler, et. al.] • Assumptions • Device is Symmetrical • Body of Revolution • Primary Axis Perpendicular to Surface • Assumes Uniform Device Conductivity • Multiple 3-D Algorithms Available • Classic Model – Physical Optics • Method of Moments • Effective for Buried and Surface Placement EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  19. GPR and UWB Basics • Target Recognition (Physical Optics) • Apply Incident Field/Ray Instead of Total Field • Apply at Multiple Sample Points • Accurate for Small Scatter Relative to Field • Accurate for Ideal Surfaces • Simple Model • Born Approximation EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  20. GPR and UWB Basics • Target Recognition (Method of Moments) • More Accurate Estimation/Modeling • Also Sample/Phenomenological Based • Polarized Wave-front Analysis • A) Diffraction (Front) • B) Diffraction (Back) • C) Reverberation • D) Creeping-Wave • Circumnavigation • E) Diffraction (Bottom) • F) Diffraction (Multiple) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  21. GPR and UWB Basics • Target Recognition (ESD/Spectral) [Ho, Carin, et. al.] • Analysis of the Spectral Properties of the Mine • Similar to Propagation Analysis • Works for Metal and Plastic Mines • Provided Sufficient Dielectric Contrast • Resistant to Differences in Soil Dielectrics • Utilizes 3-D FDTD (Finite-Difference Time Domain) • Baseline • Builds Database from Measured Models • d (data) = g (ground bounce) + s (landmine scatter) • + w (noise) • Same Drawbacks as Propagation Analysis EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  22. GPR and UWB Basics Target Recognition (ESD/Spectral) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  23. GPR and UWB Basics • Target Recognition (Training and Detection) • Example Process: • SVM: Support Vector Machine (Machine Learning) • PCA: Principle Component Analysis • Effect to be Matched (ESD, Dielectrics, Etc.) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  24. GPR and UWB Basics • Frequency and Bandwidth (Needs) • Surface and Buried Mines • Foliage AND Ground Penetration • Resilient to Clutter • Band-limited • Frequency Tradeoff • Higher Frequency = Better Resolution • Lower Frequency = Deeper Ground Penetration EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  25. GPR and UWB Basics • Frequency and Bandwidth (Ultra Wide-Band) • Ultra Wide-Band Definition • Bandwidth Must be 25% of the Center Frequency • Band-Limited • Resistant to Clutter Interference • Resistant to Radio Interference • Relatively Low Power • UWB is a Solid Solution EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  26. GPR and UWB Basics • Frequency and Bandwidth (Specifics) • GPR Desirable Specifics • Approximately 1 GHz Center Frequency • Range From 0.1 GHz to 3 GHz • Penetration Depth of Approximately 1 Meter • Effective for Most Mine Types • Approximately 1 GHz Bandwidth • Range From 0.5 GHz to 2 GHz • 100% BW (UWB) • Effective for Power, SNR, and Clutter Rejection • Short Pulse (Nanoseconds) Duration EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  27. GPR and UWB Basics • GPR UWB Systems Summary • Platform • Normally Airborne, UWB, Short Pulse • System Training • Dielectric Soil, Spectral, Discrimination Factors • Image Acquisition • SAR, Desired System Parameters • Prescreening Stage • Ground/Air Boundary Rejection, Soil Assumptions • Target Discrimination • Migration, Clutter Rejection, Target Matching EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  28. Current Systems • Current Systems • Rail-GPSAR • BoomSAR • REMIDS • Other Areas of Development EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  29. Current Systems Rail-GPSAR EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  30. Current Systems • Rail-GPSAR (Description) • Experimental Landmine Detection System • Rail/Trolley Mounted (24m long, 3.4m high) • 1 TX, 1 RX TEM Horn Antenna (VV/HH Polarization) • Geodimeter Calibrated • Strip-Map, Side-Looking SAR (200 m2) • Image Formation (Constant Integral Angle Back) • Short Pulse UWB • 10 GHz Sampling • Forward Speed of 5cm/s • Center Frequency: 0.3 GHz – 1.9 GHz • Average Power 50 mW EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  31. Current Systems Rail-GPSAR (Block Diagram) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  32. Current Systems Rail-GPSAR (RFI Suppression) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  33. Current Systems Rail-GPSAR (PCA/SVM) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  34. Current Systems • BoomSAR (Description) • Research on FOPEN and GPEN (Phenomenology) • Army Research Laboratory – SAR on a Boom • Built in 1995 – Aberdeen and Yuma Proving Grounds • JLG Boom (1000 pounds, 45m maximum) • Low Speed – 1 km/hr • Geodimeter Calibrated • 2 TX, 2 RX TEM Horn Antennas (VV, HH, VH, HV) • Center Frequency 0.04 GHz - 2 GHz • 2 GHz Sampling • Average Power 1.5 W • UWB Short Pulse • 300 m Range Swath Width • 128 Burst/Second/Polarization EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  35. Current Systems BoomSAR (Block Diagram) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  36. Current Systems BoomSAR (Example Image) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  37. Current Systems REMIDS EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  38. Current Systems • REMIDS (Description) • Remote Minefield Detection System • Endfire/Forward Looking UWB SAR and Infrared Camera • UK Ministry of Defense (2002) • 80 m Test Track/5 Soil Types • 1 TX, 2 RX Endfire (not Broadside) Antennas • Left/Right Ambiguity (As Tested) • Degraded Resolution • Aperture Vertically Limited (Not Horizontally) • 3 GHz Bandwidth (1.5 GHz Center) – Short Pulse • 10 GHz Sampling • Offline Analysis EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  39. Current Systems REMIDS (System Overview) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  40. Overview REMIDS (Test Track – Thales/Paris) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  41. Overview REMIDS (Sample Image) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  42. Current Systems REMIDS (System Diagram) EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  43. Current Systems • Other Areas of Development [Optional] • Submerged/Underwater Mines • Significance • SAR Research/MISE Program • Ultra Wideband Radar Images of the • Surface Disturbance Produced by a • Submerged, Mine-Like Object. [Sletten] • Moving Targets • Foliage Penetration • Change Detection • Single-Channel UWB SAR Ground Moving Targets • Detection Method Using Change Detection Based • On Single-Pass Sub-Aperture Images [Zhou, et. al.] EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  44. Summary • Agenda: • History and Background • GPR and UWB Basics • GPR Basics • UWB Basics • UWB GPR Systems • Current Systems • Rail-GPSAR • BoomSAR • REMIDS EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  45. Questions QUESTIONS? EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  46. References • [1] Zhou, Hong, et. al. “Single Channel UWB SAR Ground Moving Targets Detection Method Using Change Detection Based on Single-Pass Sub-Aperture Images” Synthetic Aperture Radar, 2007, APSAR (2007): 266-270. • [2] Sletten, M.A. “Ultra Wideband Radar Images of the Surface Disturbance Produced by a Submerged, Mine-Like Object.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing 38.6 (2000): 2506-2514. • [3] Cooper, P. et. al. “Ultra Wideband Endfire Synthetic Aperture Radar for Landmine Detection.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (2003). • [4] Tian, Jin, et. al. “Ultrawideband Synthethic Aperture Radar Landmine Detection.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45.11.1(2007): 3561-3573. • [5] Chant, I.J., et.al. “Overview of Current Radar Land Mine Detection Research at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Salisbury, South Austrailia.” Detection fo Abandonded Land Mines: EUREL Conf (Publ. No 431) (1996): 138-142. • [6] Ressler, M. A. “The Army Research Laboratory Ultra Wideband BoomSAR.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 3 (1996): 1886-1888. • [7] Tian, Jin, et. al. “Ultra-wide Band SAR Subsurface Metallic Landmine Images: Simulation and Measurement.” Intl. Conf. on Radar (2006): 1-4. • [8] Zhang, Han-hua, et. al. “A Rail-Mounted UWB SAR Landmines Detection System: Rail-GPSAR.” Intl. Conf. on Radar (2006): 5-9. EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

  47. References • [9] Ho, K.C., et. al. “An Investigation of Using the Spectral Characteristics From Ground Penetrating Radar for Landmine/Clutter Discrimination” Geoscience and Remote Sensing 46.4 (2008): 1177-1191. • [10] Ressler, M.A., et. al. “Ultra Wideband Radar Images of the Surface Disturbance Produced by a Submerged, Mine-Like Object.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing 35.3 (1997): 762-772. • [11] McClellan, J.H., et. al. “Migration of Underground Targets in UWB-SAR Systems.” Intl. Conf. Image Processing 1 (2000): 713-716. • Wikipedia. “Ultra Wideband”, “SAR”, “Endfire”, “BoomSAR”, “Ground Penetrating”, et.al. www.wikipedia.org • Taylor, James D., “Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems”. 1995 • Images: • http://newsgrist.typepad.com/underbelly/images/landmine2005sm_1.jpg • http://www.state.gov/img/09/30573/090123_fs_demolition_300_1.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mine_(AWM_304925).jpg • http://www.geocities.com/nhfortress/Towers/mine.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/TC24_Italian_landmine_cutaway.png • http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/images4/ek_landmine.jpg • http://library.thinkquest.org/C008616/site/pics/Landmine.jpg • http://www.betterworldtg.com/en/Stepping_On_Landmine__291w.jpg • http://www.it.uu.se/research/syscon/signalprocessing/topics/NQR/Landmine.jpg EECS826 – SAR Systems for Landmine Detection

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