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The Cold War: America

The Cold War: America. 1945-1991. Do Now. How do clashes of ideologies impact governments and how people live?. Fear of Communism. Loyalty Review Board – for government employees The House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated communist influences in the movie industry

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The Cold War: America

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  1. The Cold War:America 1945-1991

  2. Do Now How do clashes of ideologies impact governments and how people live?

  3. Fear of Communism • Loyalty Review Board – for government employees • The House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated communist influences in the movie industry • Hollywood Ten • Blacklists • McCarran Internal Security Act - unlawful to plan any action that might lead to totalitarian dictatorship

  4. Spy Cases • Alger Hiss – Accused by Whittaker Chambers of spy for the Soviet Union – jailed for perjury • Rosenberg's – • Klaus Fuchs admitted to giving info about the bomb to the Soviets • Rosenberg’s implicated in the case  denied the charge and pleaded the Fifth but convicted of espionage and sentenced to death

  5. McCarthy and McCarthyism • Joseph McCarthy – Senator from Wisconsin • McCarthyism – • Attack on suspected Communists in the 1950’s • Referred to as an unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence

  6. Fear of Nuclear Attack • 1949 – Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb • Schools begin doing bomb drills • People build their own bomb shelters • This fear of nuclear attack lasts for over 30 years • Both countries race to create the H-bomb (hydrogen bomb) • This would be 67 times more destructive than the atomic bomb • November 1952 – U.S. explodes a H-bomb • August 1953 – Soviets explode a H-bomb

  7. Policy of Brinkmanship • 1952 – Eisenhower is president • John Foster Dulles is Secretary of State • Staunchly anti-communist • Willing to use all U.S. force, including the nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation • Willingness of the Eisenhower administration to go to the edge of all-out war was known as brinkmanship

  8. Cold War Around the World • Shift to a dependence on nuclear arms • Eisenhower administration begins to rely heavily on the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) for information abroad to stop communism • Action was taken in Iran • Guatemala

  9. Warsaw Pact • Stalin dies in 1953  tensions begin to thaw • Soviets recognized West Germany • Concluded peace treaties with Austria & Japan • 1955: West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO  made the Soviets fearful • Created their own military alliance: Warsaw Pact • East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Soviet Union

  10. The Suez War • 1955: Britain and the U.S. agreed to help Egypt finance a dam at Aswan on the Nile • Gamal Abdel-Nasser (Egypt’s head of gov’t) tried to play the Soviets and U.S. against each other in order to get Egypt more aid • U.S. withdrew their support  Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez Canal (owned by France & G.B.) • Britain, France, and Israel sent troops  UN stopped the fighting and Egypt kept control of the canal

  11. Eisenhower Doctrine • Soviet presence in the Middle East rose because of its support for Egypt • January 1957  Eisenhower Doctrine • Said that the United States would defend the Middle East from attack by any communist country

  12. Revolt in Hungary • 1956, Hungary revolted against the Soviet Union • Soviet Union responded brutally and the Hungarians were crushed • U.S. did not step in and enforce the Truman Doctrine  this made a statement that the policy did not extend to Soviet satellite countries

  13. Soviets Replace Stalin • Stalin dies in 1953  Nikita Khrushchev eventually replaces him • Believed communism would take over the world but it could be done peacefully  the two powers would compete economically and scientifically

  14. Space Race • Soviets took a quick lead on the space race • October 4, 1957  launched Sputnik, first artificial satellite • Americans worked frantically to catch up  January 31, 1958 they launched their first satellite

  15. Cold War Takes to the Skies • July 1955 – Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders Geneva • Proposed the idea of “open skies”  this would allow flights over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks • Soviets reject the proposal

  16. U-2 Shot Down • CIA was secretly flying over Soviet territory  U-2 plane took pictures of troop movement and missile sites • U.S. was nervous  some members of the press knew and Soviets knew since 1958 • Eisenhower wanted to stop the flights • Dulles persuaded him to authorize one last flight

  17. U-2 Shot Down • May 1st U-2 plane shot down • U.S. tried to deny they had been spying but the Soviets had evidence • Khrushchev wanted an apology and promise to stop the flights • Eisenhower agreed to stop the flight but would not apologize • 1960’s began with renewed tensions between the countries

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