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OBESITY

OBESITY. BY NII ASHIE. WHAT IS OBESITY. Obesity is a condition in which the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and other mammals, is increased to a point where it is a risk factor for certain health conditions or increased mortality. Wikepedia.com.

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OBESITY

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  1. OBESITY BY NII ASHIE

  2. WHAT IS OBESITY • Obesity is a condition in which the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and other mammals, is increased to a point where it is a risk factor for certain health conditions or increased mortality. Wikepedia.com

  3. Calculating Obesity

  4. Determine Your Status

  5. MCDONALDS NUTRITIONAL FACTS • Average McDonald’s sandwich contains about 40% of an individuals daily intake requirement. (that’s excluding the fries)

  6. Obesity Rates

  7. An area of the forebrain which lies beneath the thalamus. “Eating Center” HYPOTHALAMUS

  8. Neural Factors of Energy Balance • Leptin • Neuropeptide Y (NPY) • NPY 5 Receptor • Orexines • Leptin receptor • Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) • Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) • Proconvertase (PC1)

  9. Greek term “Leptos” meaning “Thin” Hormone released by adipose cells Fat Gain & Leptin have a direct relationship Leptin and Energy balance have an direct relationship. (Columbia University Study). LEPTIN

  10. Leptin Pathway

  11. LEPTIN RECEPTOR • The leptin receptor is a member of the cytokine receptor super-family, which plays an important role in mammalian body weight homeostasis and energy balance.

  12. Leptin Pathway

  13. When You Are Hungry

  14. Neuropeptide Y • Neuropeptide Y: A candidate anabolic effector-signalling molecule, stimulates energy intake. • Injection of NPY into cerebral ventricles or directly into the hypothalamus of rats • Potently stimulates food intake • Decreases energy expenditure • Meanwhile, releasing lipogenic enzymes in liver and white adipose tissue. • Continuous or repeated central administration of NPY leads readily to obesity

  15. Leptin Pathway

  16. NPY Y5 receptor (Y5R) • The Y5R selectively rebuilds diet-induced obesity (DIO) in rodents • by suppressing body weight gain and adiposity. • Did not affect lean mice or genetically obese leptin receptor-deficient

  17. Leptin Pathway

  18. OREXINES • Greek “Orexis” meaning Appetite • Neuropeptides that stimulate appetite • Produced by a small number of hypothalamus neurons

  19. Leptin Pathway

  20. Orexine A (OXA) • 33 amino acid peptide • Consisting of 2 chains connected by the Cys 6--Cys 12 and Cys 7--Cys 14 bridges. • It is a potential food intake and gastric juice secretion stimulant. (linked with Anorexia Nervosa)

  21. Leptin Pathway

  22. Orexine B (OXB) • 28 amino acid peptide • With no connecting bridges between the chains. • It mainly plays a role in the energy metabolism of an organism • Does not influence the secretion of gastric juice.

  23. Oxerine Receptors • OXR-1 receptor is a selective receptor for OXA • OXR-2 receptor is not privileged for any of the two orexines (both of them can connect to it )

  24. When You Are Full

  25. Leptin Pathway

  26. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) • Precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues. • It is synthesized by corticotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland • POMC is an important factor in biologically activities. • Appetite

  27. Leptin Pathway

  28. Proconvertase (PC1) • The enzyme PC1 cleaves POMC to yield ACTH and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

  29. Leptin Pathway

  30. Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) • MC4-R is a 332-amino acid protein encoded by a single exon gene localized on chromosome 18q22 • Reduces food intake when it binds to the brain-specific alpha-MSH

  31. Leptin Pathway

  32. Transgenic Foods • Genetically modified organisms (GMO) (accomplished by DNA recombination) • More than 60 - 70 percent of food products on store shelves may contain at least a small quantity of crops produced with these new techniques. • Purpose: Resistance to pesticides, viruses, and insects

  33. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

  34. Transgenic Foods • Soybeans (63%) • Cotton (13%) • Corn (19%) • Canola (63%) • Papaya (unknown) • Potatoes - Probably not on the market (discontinued in March 2001) • Tomatoes - Not on the market • Squash - Not on the market • Radicchio - Not on the market • Sugarbeets - Not on the market • Rice - Not on the market • Flax - Not on the market

  35. Advantages of Transgenic Foods • Bt corn and cotton • have had DNA from Bacillus thuringiensis, incorporated into their genome • It kills pests of these crops (European and southwestern corn borers, and cotton budworms and bollworms) when they feed on the plant, while beneficial insects are evidently left unaffected. • Glyphosate-resistant soybeans • Are unharmed by the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate, a characteristic that allows farmers to kill yield-reducing weeds in soybean fields without harming the crop.

  36. Disadvantages • Allergies • Modify other living organisms • Lack the usual amount of nutrients

  37. THE END

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