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Central Nervous System. Chapter 8. Central Nervous System. Includes the brain and spinal Protected by the skull, vertebrae, and meninges. Brain Stem. Controls some important automatic body functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion
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Central Nervous System Chapter 8
Central Nervous System • Includes the brain and spinal • Protected by the skull, vertebrae, and meninges
Brain Stem • Controls some important automatic body functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion • Cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor centers • Medulla Oblongata – lowest part of the brainstem • Pons and Midbrain – help function as two-way conduction paths
Diencephalon Between the midbrain and cerebrum • Hypothalamus • Below the thalamus • Exerts a major control over virtually all internal organs • Also an endocrine gland – works w/ the pituitary gland • Thalamus • Helps produce sensations – sense organs • Helps associate sensations with emotions • Arousal and alerting mechanism
Cerebellum • Production of normal movements • Helps with balance, no precise movements • Helps sustain posture.
Cerebrum • Largest part of the brain • Ridges are called convolutions or gyri • Grooves are called sulci – the deepest sulci are fissures • Functions include consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, and movement
Cerebrum • Corpus callosum– connects the right and left halves of the brain • The surface of the cerebrum is made up of gray matter(cell bodies and dendrites) – it is called the cerebral cortex • The interior of the cerebrum is made up of white matter (axons with myelin)
Spinal Cord • 17-18 inches long • Outside white matter • Inside gray matter • Provides a two way conduction path to and from the brain
Spinal Cord • Ascending and Descending tracts • Called the “reflex center”
Spinal Cord • If an injury cuts the cord completely impulses can no longer travel to and from the brain. • Produces a loss of sensation called anesthesia and a loss of ability to make voluntary movements -paralysis
Coverings and Fluid Spaces of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Meninges • tough, fluid containing membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord • duramater (outer), piamater (inner), and arachnoidmater (in between)
Coverings and Fluid Spaces of the Brain and Spinal Cord • Cerebrospinal fluid • fills spaces in the brain called ventricles • this is a circulating fluid that comes from the blood • also fills in the subarachnoid spaces in the brain and spinal cord.
