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Classification and the Kingdoms of Life

Classification and the Kingdoms of Life. Classification. There are 1.6 million types of plants and animals and 3-10 million organisms not identified Need to organize information

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Classification and the Kingdoms of Life

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  1. Classification and the Kingdoms of Life

  2. Classification • There are 1.6 million types of plants and animals and 3-10 million organisms not identified • Need to organize information • Taxonomy – branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

  3. Binomial Nomenclature • Method of naming organisms by their genus and species. • Both genus and species are underlined or italicized. • Ex) Homo sapiens • Genus = Homo • Species = sapiens

  4. 7 levels of Classification • Kingdom • Phylum King Phillip Came • Class Over For Great • Order Soup • Family • Genus • Species

  5. The Six Kingdoms of Life • Organisms in each kingdom are similar in their cellular structure, methods of obtaining nutrients, and metabolism. • Archabacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

  6. Bacteria • Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or heterotrophic • Most have cell wall and ribosomes • 2 types - Archeabacteria and Eubacteria

  7. Bacteria Reproduction • Binary fission (asexual) • chromosome of the bacteria replicates, after which the cell divides • Conjugation (sexual) • how bacteria exchanges genetic information • pili attach the bacteria

  8. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto or heterotrophic • usually live in harsh environments • oxygen free (anaerobic), very hot or acidic, or very salty environments • chemically different from other bact.

  9. 2) Kingdom Eubacteria • Prokaryotic, unicellular, auto and heterotrophic • “true” bacteria- can be found just about everywhere • Can be classified by shape,

  10. Identify Bacteria • Shape - Arrangement • Bacillus = rod - diplo = two • coccus = sphere - strepto = chain • spirilla = spiral - staphylo = cluster

  11. Eubacteria can cause animal and plant disease but can also be beneficial. • They are essential parts of the food and pharmaceutical industry and can even be used to clean up oil spills.

  12. 3) Protista • unicellular, some simple multicelluar, all eukaryotic (nucleus present) • Some live freely, others are parasites • “catch all” kingdom • Protozoan -animal like (ameobas and paramecium) • Algae-plant like • Slime Molds-fungus like

  13. Protozoan • Animal-like protists • heterotrophs • Classification based on movement

  14. Algae • Plant-like Protist • major ancestor to plants (autotrophic) • capable of photosynthesis (contains chlorophyll)- major source of O2 on earth • Reproduce sexually (Alternation of Generations) • unicelluar, multicellular,or • phytoplankton - food for marine animals

  15. Phylum Euglenophyta - Euglena

  16. Slime Molds • Fungus-like Protist • multinucleated • no cytokenesis • decomposers

  17. Slime mold

  18. 4) Fungus • Eukaryotic; multicelluar; heterotrophic • extracellular digestion- absorb nutrients • have sexual and asexual reproduction • have cell walls made of chitin

  19. Uses • Useful • decomposers-break down organic matter • antibiotics • industry - baking, brew, cheese • food - mushrooms, truffles • Harmful • spoiled food • plant/animal disease • ex. Dutch Elm Disease • parasite- tree dies- saprophyte

  20. Basidiomycota - basidiocarp

  21. Ringworm

  22. 5) Plant Kingdom • Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic • Take up water and nutrients in roots; make food in leaves (photosynthesis) • sexual reproduction (alternation of generations)

  23. Types of Plants • Gymnosperm- Vascular, naked seeds (develop on the scales of female cones) diploid, pollen, examples are conifers, pine trees, evergreens • Angiosperm- Vascular, protected seed, flowering plants, diploid, pollen, ex. Grass, roses, fruit, beans • monocot or dicot

  24. 6) Animalia Kingdom • Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph • Specialized cells from into tissues and organs • Most are able to move (some are sessile) • Invertebrates (no spinal cord) or Vertebrate (spinal cord)

  25. Invertebrates • No backbone • Symmetry- irregular, radial, or bilateral • Most have exoskeleton (hard outer casing) • Ex.--Sponges, Cniderians, Worms, mollusks, Arthropods (insects, crustaceans, spiders), echinoderms

  26. Porifera(Sponges)- sessile filter feeders, hermaphrodites, and bud, fragment, and regenerate

  27. Cnidarians (jelly fish, hydra)- sting prey with poisonous barbs in tentacles, incomplete dig. sys., Sex/Asex, Medusa (free swimming) and Polyp (sessil)

  28. Platyhelminthes(flat worms)-decomoposers, some parasitic, 1st with cephalization, incomplete dig sys, flame cells, hermaphrodites and regeneration

  29. Nematoda (round worms)- parasitic, 1st with one-way complete dig sys., not hermaphrodites (ex. Ascaris/ pinworm/ vinegar eels)

  30. Annelida(segmented worms)-ex. Earthworm-complete dig syst, hydroskeleton, nephridia, closed circ syst (respiration across skin), developed nervous sys, hermaphrodites

  31. Mollusk (slugs, snails, clams, squid, octopus)- 3 regions(muscular foot, mantel, visceral mass), complete dig sys, nephridia, simple to complex nervous sys, internal fertilization, open or closed circulatory (very diverse)

  32. Arthropods (Crustaceans, Arachnids, Insects)- jointed appendages and body regions, exoskeleton, compound eyes, complete dig sys, nervous sys (brain), green gland or Malpighiantubules

  33. Echinoderms (starfish)- spiny skin, radial symmetry, a water vascular system and an endoskeleton, nervous sys, complete dig, separate sexes, can regenerate

  34. Vertebrates • Chordates- hollow nerve tube, notochord, gill slits, post anal tail • vertebrae- bony segments (backbone) • distinct head (cephalization) • closed circulatory system • endoskeleton (axial and appendicular) • Ex: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

  35. Fish- Agnatha (jawless), Chondricthyes (cartilogenous), Osteichthyes (boney), have 2 chambered heart, ectothermic

  36. Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders), aquatic larval stage, adapt to land, ectothermic, 3 chambered heart

  37. Reptiles (snakes, turtles, lizards, alligators)- 1st to have amniotic egg, skin covered with scales, ectothermic- 3 chambered heart

  38. Aves (Birds)-hollow bones (help fly), endothermic, 4 chambered heart)

  39. Mammals-covered with hair, nourish young with milk (mammary glands), endothermic, 4 chambered heart, Marsupials and Placental

  40. Viruses • Not a kingdom because they are non living organisms- noncellular • Core made up of DNA or RNA • Capsid made up of protein • Cannot replicate on own- uses enzymes and materials of host (lack ribosomes) • Host specific- only infect certain cells • ex. smallpox, measles, flu, colds, AIDS

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