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Early Government

Explore the democratic roots of ancient Athens and Rome, alongside the Enlightenment philosophies, and the emergence of democracies in the New World leading up to the American Revolution. Learn about key events, leaders, and battles that shaped the path towards independence. Uncover the principles of representative democracy, natural rights, and the fight for liberty.

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Early Government

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  1. Early Government Democratic Roots

  2. Athens and Rome • Athens: • Republic: Leaders elected by male citizens (US:______________________________) • Direct democracy: All male citizens were members of the legislative branch called the Assembly (US: Legislative branch = _______) • Jury System: male citizens were chosen in large numbers by lot to serve as jurors to try cases • Salaries for Public Officials: enabled poor citizens to take part in government service (could leave their jobs)

  3. Athens and Rome • Rome: • Veto: elected leaders could veto (______) laws passed by the government (checks and balances) • Representative democracy: Citizens chose other citizens to represent them in the gov’t assemblies • Roman Law (Codified Law): by writing laws down (all areas of society) in a orderly manner, all citizens can know them • Consistent but flexible, and impartial

  4. Enlightenment • 17th and 18th Century produced a new way of thinking/new philosophies on life and gov’t • John Locke: natural rights (life, liberty, and property); gov’t gets it’s power from the people (social contract); gov’t could be changed if it doesn’t meet the people’s need

  5. Enlightenment • Voltaire: Natural rights and religious freedom • Montesquieu: Gov’t should have limits; separation of powers (3 branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial) • Rousseau: people give the gov’t it’s power

  6. Democracies/Republics in the New World • Virginia House of Burgesses: started in 1619 • 1st such assembly in America • Legislative body elected by the people • Meet once a year in Jamestown • Elected body was called burgesses

  7. Democracies/Republics in the New World • Mayflower Compact • Signed by males on the Mayflower • Needed organization before Pilgrims formed Plymouth • Set up a gov’t structure

  8. American Revolution • Events leading towards war: • Taxes and Acts: • Sugar Act • Stamp Act (No Taxation without Representation) • Townsend Act • Boston Massacre • Tea Act (Boston Tea Party) • “Intolerable Acts” (took away local gov’t)

  9. American Revolution • Declaring War: • First Continental Congress (1974): met in Philly to agree to fight for American rights and liberty for the colonies • Patrick Henry “..give me liberty or give me death.” • Declaration of Independence: • Thomas Jefferson • 1- Reasons for Separation (win public support/propaganda against the king) • 2- Theory of Gov’t (unalienable rights and natural rights/ gov’t protects these rights and gets its power from the people) • 3- Declaration of War

  10. American Revolution • Declaration cont…. • July 2, 1776 > 2nd Continental Congress met to vote on Declaration • Debated Jefferson’s document (Jefferson almost left the convention) • July 4, 1776 > ratification of Declaration with some changes • 12-0 (New York makes it 13-0 on July 15) • August 2, 1776 > signing of the Declaration • “we all must hang together or we shall hang separately” -Ben Franklin

  11. Battles of the Revolution • Lexington and Concord (1775) > British march to destroy Patriots’ supply of ammunition > Paul Revere’s ride > “shot heard ‘round the world

  12. Battles of the Revolution • Trenton and Princeton (1777) > Washington crosses Delaware River to surprise Redcoats > British withdraw from western New Jersey

  13. Saratoga (1777) > turning point of the Revolution > patriots’ stop two offensives by British > were outnumbered> counterattack and force British army to surrender • Yorktown (1781) > official surrender of British army ending Revolution

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