1914 – Present ERA V Overview

1. 1914 – PresentERA V Overview

2. 1914 – World War I • After the wars… • Regions fighting for power and territory • Empires weakened, monarchies toppled, new nations form • Age of extremes: • democracies vs. dictatorships • prosperity vs. poverty

3. Overview of era • WWI – destroyed empires, weakened Europe • Interwar period • Economic crisis • Dictatorial regimes • Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia • WWII – largest, bloodiest, costliest warfare • Cold War: Communism vs. Capitalism • Decolonization • Democratization • Modernization • Globalization

4. World War I – causes • M.A.I.N. • Militarism • Rise of Britain’s navy/empire – made Germany jealous • Alliances • Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy (Italy later switches) • Imperialism • Competition for colonies in Africa, India, SE Asia • Nationalism • Balkan peninsula • Pan-Slavic Movement vs. Russification

5. World War I 1914 - 1918 Short Term Causes: • Balkans: “Powder Keg of Europe” • Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Austria declares war • Russia to Serbian defense • Germany mobilizes • France aids Russia • The Schlieffen Plan – attack France quickly • Western Front – stalemate, trench warfare • Zimmerman Note – angers US into entering war

6. After World War I • Paris Peace Conference • Left out the Central Powers • Treaties for defeated nations: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman • Treaty of Versailles: agreement w/Germany • Wilson’s Fourteen Points – largely ignored • End secret treaties, freedom of seas, reduction of arms, decolonization, self-determination • Dismantled Austria-Hungary; formed new nations of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Latvia; Force immigration; Mandate system in Middle East • Germany – War Guilt clause, loss of territory, loss of colonies, disarmament, war payments

7. World War II – build up to war • Nazi Germany • Hitler ignores Versailles – rebuilds army, annexes Austria • Takes Czechoslovakia – appeasement does not work • Militaristic Japan • Military takes control of government • Invades mainland China, fights in Siberia, attacks Pearl Harbor, takes territory in SE Asia

8. World war II - effects • Holocaust: 12 million deaths, 6 million Jews • Refugees – displaced persons • Nations/cities in ruins • Poverty • Shortage of food, clothing, consumer goods • Colonies push for independence • Divided world power – US and USSR • Europe – becomes Cold War battleground, dismantles Europe’s global dominance

9. The Cold War • US: Democratic capitalism • USSR: Communism Deadliest arms race – fundamental shift in world power Features: - technological: arms race, space race (Sputnik) - geopolitical: global influence – developing nations - ideological: divided nations (ex:N and S Korea) • NATO, Warsaw pact • Korean War, Vietnam War

10. Global balance of power • Reduction of European Influence • The League of Nations • The United Nations • Decolonization – Africa, Middle East, Latin America, South and SE Asia • New nationalism emerges: Middle East divides, Soviet Union dissolves, Chinese Republic forms

11. Modernization: Four Models • The West: Western Europe, US, Canada • The Tigers: Japan, Taiwan, S. Korea, Indonesia, Singapore • Eastern Europe: Soviet Union, Eastern Block nations • Developing Nations: Asia, Africa, Middle East, Latin America

12. The West • Stable democratization • Economic prosperity • Thorough urbanization • Commitment to social equality • Creation of social welfare systems • Scientific and technological achievements • Economies that emphasize services, consumerism, technology

13. The Tigers • Economic and technical modernization • Urbanization • High degree/variety of social services • High-tech economies • Japan equal to West • Some democratization • Slow to embrace/tolerate diversity and individualism

14. Eastern Europe • Modernized economically • Urbanization • Social welfare services • Technological and scientific advancement • Industrialized • Dictatorial and repressive political systems • Difficulties moving toward democracy and economic prosperity

15. Developing Nations • Trying to attain advanced economic systems • Considering representative government • Two extremes: progress or backwardness • Poverty, civil war, dictatorship

16. Globalization It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and functioning together. This process is a combination of social, cultural, economic, technological, and political forces. • Multinational corporations • Regional alliances – European Union • G-7 then G-8 (US, Canada, G. Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Russia) • WTO • NAFTA

17. Revolution • 1917 Russian Revolution – from Tsar to communism • 1927 People’s Republic of China – to communism • 1959 Cuban Revolution – dictator to communism • 1979 Iranian Revolution – secular to theocracy

18. Causes of 20th Century Revolutions • WWI and WWII --dislocated soldiers in colonies --weakened imperial countries (France and England) • Intellectual Climate --impact of Marx and Communism • Anti-Western --response to imperialism --failures of western system based on WWI and WWII