DEVELOPMENT OF A NATURAL LIFE AND SOCIETY SCIENCE

1. DEVELOPMENTOF ANATURAL LIFE AND SOCIETY SCIENCE

2. Available energy (ea) Phenomena (p) Knowledge (n) Information (i) Capacity to direct energy (k) Behavior (b) RELATIONS AMONG THE FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF LIFE

3. Energy Phenomena: Matter and Energy Sensors of Phenomena (sp) Information Generator (si) Effectors (k) Behavior (b) i Matter STRUCTURES ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

4. REASON FOR MY RESEARCH • WORKED ON THE TITAN INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE (ICBM) AND KNOW THAT NUCLEAR WAR WOULD DESTROY CIVILIZATION • WAS IN WW II AND WITNESSED THE DEATH AND DESTRUCTION OF WAR • RATIONALIZED WORK ON ICBM—WE TECHNICAL PEOPLE NEVER STARTED A WAR • HYPOTHIZED THAT MAKING THE LIFE AND SOCIETY SCIENCES MORE LIKE THE NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY COULD HELP ALLEVIATE NUCLEAR WAR

5. INITIAL WORK • LIST FIRST PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SCIENCES • IDENTIFY AND OBSERVE UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA • OBSERVE RELATIONS AMONG THESE PHENOMENA • ESTABLISH/DISCOVER MEASURES FOR PHENOMENA AND RELATIONS • MATTER AND ENERGY ARE UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES • SEARCHED POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND BEHAVIOR SCIENCES FOR EQUIVALENT FIRST PRINCIPLES • NO JOY

6. DEVELOP FIRST PRINCIPLES • RESEARCH HYPOTHESES • THERE ARE FIRST PRINCIPLES FOR THINGS THAT LIVE EQUIVALENT TO THE EXTANT NONLIVING THINGS • THE MATTER-ENERGY PHENOMENON IS TRULY UNIVERSAL AND APPLIES TO ALL ENTITIES BOTH NONLIVING AND LIVING • ATOMIC LEVEL MATTER/ENERGY KNOWN –EINSTEIN’S MASS/ENERGY RELATION • MATTER-ENERGY WAS TREATED FOR STRUCTURES FROM DIATOMIC MOLECULES THROUGH MINERALS, PLANTS AND ANIMALS • UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA: MATTER (STRUCTURES) HAVE A CAPACITY TO OPERATE ON (DIRECT ENERGY) THAT IS A DIRECT FUNCTION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE • RESEARCH DOCUMENTED IN A MEASURE OF KNOWLEDGE (1971)

7. SIMILAR EFFORTS/OBJECTIVES • DISCOVERED ONGOING RESEARCH IN LATE 1970s WITH SIMILAR OBJECTIVES (SOCIETY FOR GENERAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH—RICHARD ERICSON) • THE CONCEPT THAT A NATURAL SOCIAL SCIENCE WAS DESIRABLE RESULTED FROM NEWTON’S WORK ON GRAVITY • “THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION BECAME A BEACON TO PHILOSOPHERS OF THE 18th CENTURY’S AGE OF ENLIGHTMENT, AND IMITATING ITS PATTERNS, THEY ATTEMPTED TO ERECT A SCIENCE OF SOCIETY THAT RESTED ON SIMILAR GENERAL LAWS OF NATURE” (WESTFALL) • NO PROGRESS FROM 1686 UNTIL EARLY 1800s WHEN CONTE IDENTIFIED THREE STATES LIFE AND SOCIETY MUST GO THROUGH TO MAKE THEM A NATURAL SCIENCE LIKE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 1. THEOLOGICAL 2. METAPHYSICAL 3. POSITIVE • THE PARADIGM DURING COMTE’S TIME WAS THAT LIFE COULD ONLY BE EXPLAINED BY A “VITAL PRINCIPLE” OR GOD • BIOLOGIST LUDWIG von BERTALANFFY MOVED THE PARADIGM TO COMTE’S POSITIVE STATE • BERTALANFFY CONSIDERED LIVING THINGS TO BE PART OF THE NATURAL ORDER “SYSTEMS” LIKE ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND PLANETARY SYSTEMS

8. POST WAR DEVELOPMENTS • SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES DURING WWII WERE AN INSPIRATION TO EMULATE THEM IN THE LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES • CYBERNETICS—APPLICATION OF WEINER’S WARTIME WORK TO THINGS THAT LIVE • GENERAL LIVING SYSTEMS—ISOMORPHS BETWEEN EXTANT NATURAL AND LIVING SYSTEMS • GENETIC STRUCTURES –WATSON AND CRICK (1953) • GENETIC INFORMATION—NIREMBERG, HOLLEY AND KHORANA (CODE CRACKERS, 1961)

9. LIVING SYSTEMS EVOLUTION • JAMES MILLER STARTED LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE • IDENTIFIED THE SUBJECTS OF THE SCIENCE • DESCRIBED THE SUBJECTS OF THE SCIENCE • CLASSIFIED THESE SUBJECTS • HE DID NOT IDENTIFY ALL THE FUNDAMENTAL PHENOMENA OF LIVING SYSTEMS, THE RELATIONS AMONG THESE PHENOMENA AND THEIR MEASURES

10. UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA AND SOCIETY • APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA TO SOCIAL THEORY • PREVIOUS RESEARCH RELATED TO INDIVIDUAL ENTITIES • KNOWN THAT THERE ARE UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA FOR LIVING ENTITIES –GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATION • A RELATION WAS DEVELOPED BETWEEN A GROUP’S BEHAVIOR, ITS STRUCTURES CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY, AND AVAILABLE ENERGY • THE RELATION IS SHOWN FOR THE CHANGE IN GROUP BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF AVAILABLE ENERGY • EXAMPLE—A PARTICULAR SOCIETY HAD REDUCED BEHAVIOR (QUALITY OF LIFE) WHEN THE 1970s OIL EMBARGO REDUCED THE AVAILABLE ENERGY • RESEARCH DOCUMENTED IN 3 PAPERS AND 1 BOOK THE LIMITS OF BEHAVIOR: A QUANTATIVE SOCIAL THEORY (1983)

11. DEVELOPMENT MODEL • DEVELOPMENT OF A NATURAL LIFE AND SOCIETY SCIENCE LIKE THE EXTANT NATURAL SCIENCES REQUIRE AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE NATURAL SCIENCES EMERGED • THE NATURAL SCIENCES ARE BASED ON 1. OBSERVATION OF PHENOMENA 2. RELATIONS AMONG PHENOMENA 3. MEASUREMENT OF PHENOMENA AND RELATIONS • THE FOLLOWING FIGURE SHOWS PHENOMENA, RELATIONS, AND MEASURES

12. EMERGENCE OF NATURAL SCIENCES

13. EMERGENCE OF A NATURAL LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE FOR CELLS, ORGANS AND ORGANISMS • RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED DURING THE 1990s TO DEVELOP A LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE FOLLOWING THE EMERGENCE OF NATURAL SCIENCE MODEL • A DOZEN PAPERS WERE PUBLISHED • INFORMATION WAS TREATED AS A UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON • INFORMATION: ITS NATURE, MEASUREMENT, AND MEASUREMENT UNITS WERE TREATED • RESEARCH RESULTED IN THE BOOK PRINCIPLES OF QUANTATIVE LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE

14. PRINCIPLES OF QUANTATIVE LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE • JAMES AND JESSIE MILLER WROTE THE FOREWORD TO THE BOOK • “IN 1978, WHEN THE BOOK LIVING SYSTEMS WAS PUBLISHED, IT CONTAINED THE PREDICTION THAT THE SCIENCES THAT WERE CONCERNED WITH THE BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES WOULD, IN THE FUTURE, BE STATED AS RIGOROUSLY AS THE “HARD SCIENCES” THAT STUDY SUCH NONLIVING PHENOMENA AS TEMPERTURE, DISTANCE, AND THE INTERACTIONS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. PRINCIPLES OF QUANTITATIVE LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE, THE FIRST OF A PLANNED SERIES OF THREE BOOK, BEGINS AN ATTEMPT TO FULFILL THAT PEDICTION.”

15. MILLER FOREWORD • MR. SIMMS’ BOOK, ALTHOUGH IT IS BASED ON LIVING SYSTEMS THEORY, IS NOT A RESTATEMENT OF THAT THEORY, NOR IS IT SIMPLY AN APPLICATION OF ITS CONCEPTS. INSTEAD IT EXTENDS LIVING SYSTEMS THEORY BY ANALYZING THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF ENERGY IN THE BEHAVIOR OF LIVING THINGS. IN HIS THEORY, LIVING SYSTEMS CAN BEHAVE ONLY TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY HAVE AVAILABLE ENERGY WHICH THEY ARE ABLE TO DIRECT. THEREFORE, A SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR CAN BE QUANTIFIED BY THE ENERGY IT USES. THE CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY IS A FUNDAMENTAL BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY LIVING SYSTEM AND IS A FUNCTION OF THE SYSTEM’S STRUCTUE AND ORGANIZATION. BY SEARCHING THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE IN THE LIFE SCIENCES, HE DEMONSTRATES THAT MEASUREMENTS ARE AVAILABLE THAT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO QUANTIFY BEHAVIOR OF MANY KINDS IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL ORGANISMS.

16. MILLER FOREWORD (cont.) • INFORMATION, HOWEVER, IS NOT NEGLECTED IN SIMMS’ WORK, SINCE BEHAVIOR IS DETERMINED BY ONE OF SEVERAL SORTS OF INFORMATION. A MUSCLE, FOR EXAMPLE, TWITCHES ONLY WHEN NEURAL INFORMATION IS TRANSMITTED TO IT. COMMUNICATION FROM ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL IN THE FORM OF SENSORY INFORMATION CAN CAUSE COORDINATED MUSCLE CONTRACTION LIKE RUNNING AWAY FROM A THREAT. HE SHOWS THAT INFORMATION, LIKE ENERGY , CAN BE MEASURED AND EXPRESSED IN AN EQUATION THAT EMBODIES THE SYSTEM’S CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY, THE AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE ENERGY, AND INFORMATION.

17. MILLER FOREWORD (cont.) • IT IS OUR OPINION THAT THIS BOOK REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A QUANTITATIVE LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE. AS SIMMS SHOWS, THE CONCEPTS OF AVAILABLE ENERGY AND THE CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY, AS WELL AS THE CAUSATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATION AND BEHAVIOR, ARE USEFUL IN THE ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR. THE SYSTEMS WITH WHICH THIS FIRST BOOK OF THE SERIES IS CONCERNED ARE MAINLY AT THE LEVEL OF THE CELL AND THE ANIMAL ORGAN AND ORGANISM. THEY INCLUDE SUCH SYSTEMS AS NEURONS, MOTOR UNITS, THE LEG MUSCLE OF RANA PIPIENS, AND THE HEARTS, RESPIRATORY ORGANS, AND DIGESTIVE TRACTS OF VARIOUS SPECIES. IT WILL BE INTERESTING TO SEE HOW THE SCIENCE IS APPLIED IN LATER VOLUMES TO THE MORE COMPLEX BEHAVIOR OF HUMAN BEINGS, GROUPS, AND HIGHER-LEVEL SYSTEMS

18. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FOR INDIVIDUALS • BEHAVIORS OF LIVING SYSTEMS ARE OBSERABLE AND MEASURABLE BY WAY OF THE ENERGIES USED IN THESE BEHAVIORS • LIVING SYSTEMS HAVE A UNIQUE BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTIC, WHICH IS A CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY • A SYSTEM’S CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY IS A FUNCTION OF ITS STRUCTURE • A SYSTEM’S CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY CAN BE QUANTIFIED (MEASURED OR CALCULATED) • A SYSTEM’S BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF THE ENERGY AVAILABLE TO THE SYSTEM • A LIVING SYSTEM’S BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION • BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION IS THE ABILITY TO CAUSE WORK AND CAN BE MEASURED BY THE WORK IT CAUSES • A LIVING SYSTEM’S BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF ITS KNOWLEDGE • KNOWLEDGE IS AN ABILITY TO SENSE PHENOMENA AND GENERATE INFORMATION AND CAN BE QUANTIFIED BY THE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION GENERATED • A LIVING SYSTEM’S BEHAVIOR IS A DIRECT FUNCTIN OF (a) THE SYSTEMS CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY, (b) THE ENERGY AVAILABLE TO THE SYSTEM, (c) INFORMATION, AND (d) KNOWELDGE

19. EMERGENCE OF A NATURAL LIVING SYSTEMS SCIENCE FOR GROUPS • RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED DURING THE 2000s TO EXTEND THE SCIENCE TO GROUPS AND SOCIETIES • 11 PAPERS WERE PUBLISHED • KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION ARE SHOWN TO BE MEASURABLE UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA OF LIFE • THE NATURE OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE ARE DETERMINED • MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT UNITS ARE DEVELOPED FOR INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE • GROUPS ARE DEFINED AND CLASSIFIED • PRINCIPLES FOR GROUPS ARE DEVELOPED • RESEARCH RESULTS ARE BEING REPORTED IN A BOOK

20. EMERGENCE OF LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

21. HIERARCHY OF GROUPS • MILLER’S CLASSIFICATION LEVELS ABOVE THE ORGANISM (INDIVIDUAL) ARE: GROUP, ORGANIZATION, SOCIETY, AND SUPRANATIONAL SYSTEM • THESE LEVELS ARE HOMOCENTRIC • THE NATURAL LIFE AND SOCIETY SCIENCE TREATS UNIVERSAL PHENOMENA OF ALL SPECIES • ITS CLASSIFICATION LEVELS ARE BASED ON COMPLEXITY OF BEHAVIORS AND NUMBER OF SPECIES EXHIBITING THESE VARIOUS BEHAVIORS • OF THE 10 TO 50 MILLION SPECIES ONLY A FEW EXHIBIT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION BEHAVIORS • A SMALLER NUMBER EXHIBIT ONE PARENT NURTURING AND PROTECTING OFFSPRING • EACH HIGHER LEVEL EXHIBIT MORE COMPLEX BEHAVIORS • RECENT HUMANS ARE ON TOP OF THE HIERARCHY BECAUSE THEY HAVE LARGE BRAINS THAT PROVIDE AN ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND MORTALITY, AND CAUSE AND EFFECT PHENOMENA

23. GROUP PRINCIPLES METHODOLOGY • IDENTIFY SUBJECTS IN WAY THAT ALLOWS MEASUREMENT • VERIFY THAT GROUP’S BEHAVIOR CAN BE QUANTIFIED • IDENTIFY CHARACTERISTICS THAT PROVIDE CAPABILITY TO BEHAVE • VERIFY THAT BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE QUANTIFIED • DEMONSTRATE THAT A CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY IS A FUNDAMENTAL BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTIC • IDENTIFY INFORMATION AS FUNAMENTAL DETERMINANT OF GROUP BEHAVIORS • DETERMINE NATURE OF GROUP BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION • ESTABLISH UNITS OF MEASURE FOR GROUP INFORMATION • DETERMINE NATURE OF GROUP KNOWLEDGE • ESTABLISH UNIT OF MEASURE FOR GROUP KNOWLEDGE • FORMALIZE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUP’S BEHAVIOR AND DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

24. FIRST PRINCIPLES • GROUP BEHAVIORS OBSERVABLE AND MEASURABLE BY WAY OF WORK (ENERGY) USED IN BEHAVIORS • GROUPS HAVE UNIQUE BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS—CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY • CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY IS A FUNCTION OF ITS STRUCTURE • CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY CAN BE QUANTIFIED (MEASURED OR CALCULATED) • BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF ENERGY AVAILABLE • BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF INFORMATION • INFORMATION IS ABILITY TO CAUSE WORK AND CAN BE MEASURED BY WORK IT CAUSES • BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION OF KNOWLEDGE • KNOWLEDGE IS ABILITY TO SENSE PHENOMENA AND GENERATE INFORMATION • KNOWLEDGE CAN BE QUANTIFIED BY AMOUNT OF INFORMATION GENERATED • A GROUP’S BEHAVIOR IS A DIRECT FUNCTION OF THE GROUP’S CAPACITY TO DIRECT ENERGY, THE ENERGY AVAILALBLE, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGE

25. VERIFICATION OF PRINCIPLES • PRINCIPLES VERIFIED AT EACH LEVEL OF GROUP HEIRARCHY • RECENT HUMANS UNIQUE DUE TO BIGGER BRAINS

26. INFORMATION • THE CURRENT INFORMATION PARADIGM IS HOMOCENTRIC AND DOES NOT HAVE UNITS OF MEASURE • SUPRISING BECAUSE GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATAION HAVE BEEN UNDERSTOOD SINCE THE 1950s—1960s • PROVED THAT INFORMATION IS A UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON OF LIFE • THERE IS NO LIFE WITHOUT GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATION • THERE ARE NO ANIMALS WITHOUT NEURAL INFORMATION

27. MEASUREMENT OF INFORMATION • DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTANT NATURAL SCINECE MEASUREMENT UNITS USED AS A DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR LIVING SYSTEMS UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS • OBSERVATION OF PHENOMENA, RELATIONS AMONG PHENOMENA, EQUATION FOR RELATIONS, ONE-TO-ONE RELATION AMONG PHENOMENA • EXAMPLE: FOR HEAT ENERGY A CALORIE IS THE UNIT OF HEAT ENERGY THAT CAUSES ONE UNIT OF WATER TO INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE BY ONE DEGREE. • THIS MODEL WAS USED IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES TO ESTABLISH UNITS OF MEASURE FOR MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA

28. UNITS OF MEASURE FOR INFORMATION • ONE UNIT OF GENETIC INFORMATION CAUSES GENETIC MATERIAL WITH A CAPACITY TO DIRECT ONE UNIT OF ENERGY TO SYNTHESIZE ONE UNIT OF PROTEIN • ONE UNIT OF BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATION CAUSES AN ENZYME WITH A CAPACITY TO DIRECT ONE UNIT OF ENERGY TO CATALIZE A BIOCHEMICAL REACTION • ONE UNIT OF NEURAL INFORMATION CAUSES ONE UNIT OF CONTRACTILE TISSUE WITH A CAPACITY TO DIRECT ONE UNIT OF ENERGY TO CONTRACT • DEVELOPMENT IS DOCUMENTED IN MAKING THE SOFT SCIENCES HARD: THE NEWTON MODEL

29. UNITS OF MEASURE FOR KNOWLEDGE • ONE UNIT OF GENETIC KNOWLEDGE CAUSES STRUCTURE WITH AN ABILITY TO SENSE ONE UNIT OF A PHENOMENON TO GENERATE ONE UNIT OF GENETIC INFORMATION • ONE UNIT OF BIOCHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE CAUSES STRUCTURE WITH AN ABILITY TO SENSE ONE UNIT OF PHENOMENON TO GENERATE ONE UNIT OF BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATION • ONE UNIT OF NEURAL KNOWLEDGE CAUSES STRUCTURE WITH AN ABILITY TO SENSE ONE UNIT OF PHENOMENON TO GENERATE ONE UNIT OF NEURAL INFORMATION • DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE IS DOCUMENTED IN KNOWLEDGE: A MEASURABLE UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON OF LIFE

30. Available energy (ea) Phenomena (p) Knowledge (n) Information (i) Capacity to direct energy (k) Behavior (b) RELATIONS AMONG THE FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF LIFE

31. Energy Phenomena: Matter and Energy Sensors of Phenomena (sp) Information Generator (si) Effectors (k) Behavior (b) i Matter STRUCTURES ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE