GIVING CREDIT TO OUTSIDE SOURCES

Using the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS/Turabian) to document a research paper GIVING CREDIT TO OUTSIDE SOURCES

When professionals write papers that require research, they use the documentation style chosen by their discipline.

For example: An English professor would likely use the Modern Language Association style (MLA). A historian would use the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), also known as Turabian. A nursing professional would use the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

In this workshop, we’ll look at the basic requirements for using CMS. This is an overview. For details, be sure to consult a handbook or a handout from the Writing Center.

First, let’s review the use of sources in any paper.

Different ways of saying the same thing: • Giving credit to your sources. • Documenting your sources. • Citing your sources. • Using in-text citations or numbers.

What are “outside sources” for a research paper? Traditional sources include: • Books • Entire books • Chapters • Works within an anthology • Articles • Professional journals, magazines, newspapers

…but today there are many other types of sources as well, such as: • Web pages • Online journals • Personal interviews • Videotaped interviews • Movies • E-mail correspondence, etc.

There are two types of sources: primary and secondary. • Primary: An original work by a recognized figure in the field, such as Socrates, St. John, Lincoln, etc. • Secondary: Things written or said ABOUT the primary source.

PRIMARY SOURCES—Letters from a historical figure, memoirs, first-hand accounts of an event, interviews. SECONDARY SOURCES—Scholarly books or journals, notes or handouts from conferences or classes, Web pages, etc. For example, if you were writing a history paper, you might use:

Suggestion: Whenever you have access to a primary source, use it! First-hand information is always stronger than second- or third-hand.

Rule of thumb for deciding what to document: • Borrowed language • Borrowed ideas • Borrowed information When you use the information, words or ideas of someone else, be sure to tell your readers where the material came from.

If you would like to learn about how to use borrowed material correctly—quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing—take our workshop on Using Outside Sources Correctly.

What kind of information you put in your citations and how you organize the information depends on the documentation style you are using.

Each system has its own very specific rules. You don’t have to memorize them—you can use a style book or a handout from the Writing Center—but make sure you follow them carefully.

Your professor and other professionals will notice!

Where do you put the information about your sources in a CMS research paper? Two places: In footnotes or endnotes AND on a page at the end of your paper.

Readers look at the notes and the bibliography when they want to know how they, too, can find the source you used—or how you found the source. Your readers will also want to know the page numbers.

When you write a CMS paper, you use numbers in the body of your paper that tell the reader where to look in your footnotes or endnotes in order to find publishing information. This information is repeated on the Bibliography page.

Footnotes go at the bottom or “foot” of the page on which the citation occurs.CMS recognizesendnotesas an alternative to footnotes. (Don’t use both in the same paper, though!)

Instead of being placed together on one page, footnotes appear at the bottom of the pages.

Ask your professor which he/she prefers: footnotes or endnotes.

When you write a CMS paper, you will use a raised Arabic numeral(asuperscript number) to tell your readers which note contains the information about the source you have just used.

The number is placed at the end of the sentence(s) in which you used information from a source. Number all of your references to footnotes or endnotes in consecutive order throughout your essay: 1, 2, 3, etc.

Superscript numbers for end notes (in Microsoft)*Click on “References” on the bar above* Place cursor where you want your superscript number* Click on “Insert Endnote”

Superscript numbers for footnotes (in Microsoft) Click on “References” on the top bar. Place your cursor where you want your superscript number Click on “Insert Footnote.”

Here’s an example of using a superscript in the body of your paper to point readers to a footnote or endnote: Research on the subject of community building has focused on the need to create more social capital. Putnam and Feldstein have discovered that “the kind of social capital that is most essential for healthy public life …is precisely the kind that is hardest to build.” 1

Looking for the publishing information about Putnam and Feldstein, your readers would turn to either the footnote or the page that says Notes. They would look for the number one, and would find all of the information needed to locate the two authors’ book.

This time, though, the number would be a regular number—not superscript.

Notes 1. Robert D. Putnam and Lewis M. Feldstein, Better Together: Restoring the American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 3. (Indent first line 5 spaces.)

When using footnotes instead of endnotes, your note would be at the bottom of the page on which you mentioned Putnam and Feldstein. The note’s number would come at the beginning of the note, and it would be superscript (raised).

What should you do if you refer to the same source more than once in your paper? Do you have to repeat all of the information that you put in your first note?

No! Just give the author’s last name, followed by a comma, and the page number on which you found the information you are using: 7. Putnam and Feldstein, 74. If an author’s name is not available, use a shortened title: 7. Better Together, 74. Some professors prefer the author’s last name, a shortened version of the title, and the page number. Always ask your professor!

If you referred to a source in one note and then refer to the same source in the next note, either use a short form (as we just saw) or use the Latin abbreviation ibid. (It means “in the same place.”) It must be the very next source cited. 1. Robert D. Putnam and Lewis M. Feldstein, Better Together: Restoring the American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 3. 2. Ibid., 77.

If you want to give your readers additional information, or make a comment without interrupting the flow of your paper, use a “content” note. You don’t need to separate this type of note from other notes. Mix it in with your regular bibliographical notes.

1Detailed evidence of the great increase in the array of goods and services bought as income increases is shown in S.J. Prais and H. S. Houthaker, The Analysis of Family Budgets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955), table 5, 52.2Ernst Cassirer takes important notice of this in Language and Myth (59-62) and offers a searching analysis...

Your Bibliography: It comes at the very end of your paper. It is a list of all of the sources you cited in your paper—and also sources that you consulted but did not actually cite. This is a key difference between Works Cited and Bibliographies. It repeats the publishing information you gave in your notes, but in a different order.

In CMS/Turabian, some sources that you do not cite in your bibliography are: • Textbooks • Encyclopedias • Dictionaries Why? These are not considered “scholarly” sources! For this reason, some instructors prefer that you don’t cite them on either the Bibliography page or within the body of your paper.

Classical primary sources CMS has special rules for classic primary texts, such as Plato or Shakespeare. These are not always referenced with a page number. See A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 8th Ed., by Kate Turabian, p. 252-254 for more detail.

Some advice… Pay close attention to: What type of information goes on this page What the order of this information is for an CMS citation.—ORDER MATTERS! (So does punctuation.) Be sure to copy this information right away—when you are actually using the source—so you’ll have it when you write the bibliography. This will save you extra work and frustration!

Advice, continued… Alphabetize by author’s last name. Start each entry at the left margin and indent for subsequent lines. Single-space with a double-space between entries. Some bibliographies are subdivided by groups (usually for larger papers). Ask your professor if you need to do this.

Here is the basic Bibliography format for a book with one author: • Okuda, Michael. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future. New York: Pocket Books, 1993. Last name, first name. Work. Place of publication: Publisher, date. (Start first line flush with left margin. Indent subsequent lines. This is called a “hanging indent.”Single-space within entries, double-space between entries.)

A footnote or endnote would read: 1. Michael Okuda, Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future (New York: Pocket Books, 1993), 10-12.

Some CMS papers have bibliographies that are annotated. This means that you write a brief description of what each source says just below its citation. Ask your professor whether you need to annotate your bibliography. Like a regular bibliography, you need to use a “hanging indent” for your annotated bibliography.

Notice that the order of information on the bibliography page is different from the order of information on your notes page.

The format for a book citation shows you the “skeleton” of all CMS citations…

--Order of information--Punctuation rules--Capitalization rulesFor other citations, it’s just a matter of adding to this skeleton.For example…

If you are using something from a collection or anthology: Little, Denise. “Born in Blood.” In Alternate Gettysburgs, edited by Brian Thomsen and Martin H. Greenberg, 242-55. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002.

A footnote or endnote would read: 2. Denise Little, “Born in Blood,” in Alternate Gettysburgs, ed. Brian Thomsen and Martin H. Greenberg (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002), 245.

For a Journal Article: Williams, Roger L. “Revolution and Madness: Blanqui and Trelat.” The Journal of the Historical Society 5, no. 2 (Spring, 2005): 227-252.

GIVING CREDIT TO OUTSIDE SOURCES