Employability and Training -

1. Employability and Training - what works, for whom, in what context? Employment Research Institute Vanesa Fuertes, Prof Ronald McQuaid and Dr Valerie Egdell

2. Contents • UK Policy Context • Employability, Skills and Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) • Training and Employment Outcomes: what works, for whom, in what context?

3. UK Policy Context

4. UK Policy Context • Socio-economic context • Coalition government 2010 principles • Fairness • Responsibility • Freedom • Welfare reform • Universal Credit (one welfare payment instead of a complex system of benefits) • Work Programme (black-box delivery payment by results and group) • Localism • Skills Strategy • Integrated Employment and Skills (IES)

5. Welfare to Work towards Social Cohesion Welfare provision no ‘magic bullet’ (Hasluck and Green, 2007; Ritchie et al., 2009) Demand-side policies IAG careers services

6. Employment Services Transitions Progressions

7. Employability, Skills and ALMPs

8. Employability • Employability definition • Individual factors • Personal circumstances • Structural factors • Tight labour market (availability of jobs) • Multiple, overlapping and cumulative issues • Services tailored to individuals • Need for integrated approaches

9. The integration challenge Employment policy Social assistance Training and Education Economic development Health Childcare and housing

10. Skills and ALMPs • Basic, generic, technical • Importance (Human Capital theory and Economic theory) • Participation in the labour market • Savings to public budget • Social mobility • Work First vsTrain First

11. IES Service • Co-location of JCP and ‘nextstep’ advice services • ‘Light touch’ assessment – more detailed assessment or provision • Success factors: • Integration of careers services • Collaboration between partners • At local level with Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP) being important • Simple and flexible processes

12. Training and Employment Outcomes: what works, for whom, in what context?

13. Skills Interventions andEmployment Outcomes • Lack of robust evidence • Some models better than others: basic training vs. occupational training • Jobcentre Plus (JCP) training: employment focus – link to entry-level qualifications (e.g. Flexible New Deal) • Link between Further Education colleges and JCP advisers • Most effective interventions: labour market contact – work experience – in-work training

14. Training Models and Employment Outcomes • Basic employability training • Occupationally-focussed training • Vocational training • Apprenticeships

15. Welfare to Work (WtW): what works, for whom, in what context? • General factors • Motivation • Work experience/simulation • Match training to labour market demand and individuals’ skills and needs • Buy-in • Disadvantaged groups • Young people • Older people • Single parents • Disabled or health problems • Ethnic minorities • Long-term unemployed

16. Transitions – Success Factors of Skills Interventions • Less rigid designs - more flexible and personal approaches • Skills and career planning at the core • Multiple skills interventions • Match training provision to learners’ needs and labour market skills’ needs –local solutions • Work-base - work experience/simulation context and settings • Holistic package of active measures – pipeline approach

17. Progression – Success Factors of Skills Interventions • Employee demand – policy interventions • Financial support; career guidance • Employer investment – policy interventions • Training levies; individual rights; occupational licensing; tax incentives; general subsidies; public procurement • General • Availability of jobs; self-efficacy and skills utilisation; access to training opportunities; progression pathways

18. Strategic Skills Pipeline Source: City of Edinburgh, Integrated Employability Service Commissioning Strategy 2012-2015 (21 June 2011) Consultation Draft, The City of Edinburgh Council

19. Sources used • Devins, D., Bickerstaffe, T., Nunn, A., Mitchell, B., McQuaid, R, Egdell, V. and Lindsay C. (2011) The Role of Skills from Worklessness to Sustainable Employment with Progression, Evidence Report 38, UK Commission for Employment and Skills • Bond, S., McQuaid, R and V. Fuertes (2010) ‘Getting Disadvantaged Parents into Employment: The Working for Families Fund in Scotland’, Local Economy, 24, 6/7, 487-501. • Canduela, J., Dutton, M., Johnston, S., Lindsay, C., McQuaid, R.W. and Raeside, R. (2012) ‘Ageing, Skills and Participation in Work-Related Training in Britain: Assessing the Position of Older Workers’, Work Employment and Society 26,1, 42-60. • City of Edinburgh Council (21 June 2011) City of Edinburgh, Integrated Employability Service Commissioning Strategy 2012-2015 Consultation Draft, CEC and Joined Up For Jobs • Foster, S., Casebourne, J., Roberts, E. and Lake, L. (2011) Integrated employment and skills, Maximising the contribution for sustainable employment, Centre for economic & social Inclusion, JHP Group Limited • Garrett, R., Campbell, M. and Mason, G (2010) The Value of Skills: And Evidence Review, UK Commission for Employment and Skills • Hasluck, C. and Green, A. (2007) What works for whom? A review of evidence and meta-analysis for the Department for Work and Pensions, Research Report 407, DWP • Lanning, T. and Lawton K. (2012) No Train No Gain, Beyond free market and state-led skills policy, Institute for Public Policy Research • Leitch, S (2006) Prosperity for all in the global economy: world class skills, London: the Stationery Office • Levesley et al., (2009) Qualitative evaluation of integrated employment and skills trials: Implementation report, Research Report 618, Department for Work and Pensions • McQuaid, R. and Hollywood, E. (2011) Mapping the Education System in Scotland • McQuaid, R., Fuertes, V., Egdell, V. and Bergmann, A. (2010) Promoting Investment and Increasing Employment Among the Economically Inactive: Review of Best Practice, Report commissioned by the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment, Northern Ireland. • McQuaid, R., Fuertes, V. and A. Richard (2010) How can parents escape from recurrent poverty? Report for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation: York. Published by Polity Press: Bristol. • McQuaid, R.W. and C. Lindsay (2005) ‘The Concept of Employability’, Urban Studies, 42, 2, 197-219. • UKCES (April 2011) Review of Employment and Skills, UKCES report • UKCES (July 2011) Review of Employment and Skills (Scotland), UKCES report

20. Contact Details Employment Research Institute www.napier.ac.uk/eri Edinburgh Napier University www.napier.ac.uk Vanesa Fuertes v.fuertes@napier.ac.uk