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Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire and other Empires

Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire and other Empires. From last time. The Roman Empire: East and West (395) We saw the progressive destruction of the Western Roman Empire (476), and the progressive strengthening of the Christian Church Social and Political void filled by the Church.

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Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire and other Empires

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  1. Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire and other Empires

  2. From last time.. • The Roman Empire: East and West (395) • We saw the progressive destruction of the Western Roman Empire (476), and the progressive strengthening of the Christian Church • Social and Political void filled by the Church

  3. The Barbarians and the Pope • Remember the example of Gregory the Great and his letter to the Queen! • A very important example of alliance between the Barbarians and the Papacy is the French one

  4. The Frankish Kingdom

  5. Pepin & Zachary • Pepin and the Merovingian Dynasty • 751: The Pope backs him up • Importance, once again, of the relationship between religious and political leaders

  6. Charlemagne: the most important of Pepin’s successors Harvard Memorial Hall,1888 Charlemagne as a symbol of sovereignty and political wisdom

  7. Why was Charlemagne so important? Let’s see from Einhard’s ‘Chronicle’(ca.830) • Roman and Frank: a ‘merged’ allegiance • Moderation: a Christian virtue • What was he reading? What does that mean? • What was his relationship with the Pope? • The city of Rome and the Church of Saint Peter: the reference points of a HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR (although this term started to be used later in the sources)

  8. Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor: he was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas night of the year 800 Illustration from a 14th c. manuscript, Bibliothèque Nationale

  9. Why is this important? • The concept of Translatio Imperii: Rome is not dead! • Once again, the role of the Pope in that: remember Constantine • Europe has a new strong political authority, but this time tied to religion

  10. Rome is alive: Moscow and the ‘third Rome’ myth

  11. Rome is alive: Mussolini and the ‘third Rome’ myth

  12. Hitler and the Third Reich

  13. The Carolingian Reformation: the Church • Reform of the Regular Clergy (i.e., monks) : Rule of St.Benedict applied throughout • Reform of the Secular Clergy (i.e., priests): Charlemagne starts appointing Bishops and enforces moral and doctrinal discipline

  14. The Carolingian Reformation: the Schools • Cathedral, Monastic and Court Schools • Reform of the Curriculum: the Seven Liberal Arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic; geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music) • Liberal Arts as a preparation for theology • Latin • Handwriting

  15. Preserving Manuscripts: one of the most important legacies of the Carolingian Era

  16. The Carolingian minuscule

  17. The Collapse of the Carolingian World: in 843 the Empire splits

  18. Eastern Frankish Kingdom (Germany) retains the title of Holy Roman Empire Western Frankish Kingdom (France) looses its imperial character After 843:

  19. Partial conclusions • Holy Roman Empire: Rome is alive once again, and Church and State ‘united’ • Carolingian Reform: a deep re-organization of Western Europe’s intellectual, social and religious life • Open question: what is the future of Europe in 843? How does the post-Carolingian world look like?

  20. Islam: a new kid on the block • Ca 570: Muhammad is born in Mecca • Ca 610: Muhammad starts to preach • 622: hijra, Muhammad goes to Medina -a leader and a new era are born • 624: the battle of Badr • 630: Muhammad conquers Mecca: a new society and a new empire are born

  21. The Muslim empire expands: • First picture: the Islamic empire at the time of the death of Muhammad (632) • Second picture: the Islamic empire around 750

  22. One important issue: Sunni and Shiite- can you tell the difference? • No major theological difference • Split occurred in 661 at the death of Ali -the Shiites believe that only the descendants of Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law), are the legitimate successors of Muhammad

  23. Who is Sunni? Who is Shiite? • What was Osama Bin Laden? • Sunni • How about Iran? • Shiite • How about Hezbollah? • Shiite • Sunni is 90% of the Muslim world • Shiites are concentrated in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon

  24. The Muslim world after 750: from unity to fragmentation • After 750: the dissolution of the caliphate • 790-1050: the Islamic renaissance, which produced a series of important intellectual and cultural innovations and developments, including..

  25. I mean… • The number ‘0’ is an Arab (fantastic) invention, that allows you to count the way you do! • Roman numerals, with no ‘0’, were much more complicated and they worked through addition (e.g.: X=10, I=1, V=5; that is 16= X+V+I, XVI)

  26. A lot of Aristotle! • Islamic religion puts a lot of emphasis on reason • In fact, many Arab intellectuals commented and studied Aristotle, and it is thanks to them that some of his works survived! • One of the best known of those commentators of Aristotle is ibn-Rushd, called in Latin AVERROËS (ca. 1126-1198)

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