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Civilizations in Crisis

Civilizations in Crisis. I. Ottoman Empire. Ottoman power declined due in part to a series of weak rulers incapable of dealing with the West Opened door to power struggles between rival gov’t ministers, religious experts, military commanders

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Civilizations in Crisis

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  1. Civilizations in Crisis

  2. I. Ottoman Empire • Ottoman power declined due in part to a series of weak rulers incapable of dealing with the West • Opened door to power struggles between rival gov’t ministers, religious experts, military commanders • Loss of centralized control over population and resources • Unhappy artisans led to urban riots • Disliked influx of cheap European goods • Europeans began to chip away at Ottoman Empire • Beginning with modern-day Hungary, Greece, on into to areas of Caucasus Mountains (Russia) • Managed to survive into 20th century • Conflicts between European powers prevented full takeover

  3. I. Continued… • Societal reforms slow due to internal fighting • Administrative/military reforms met with resistance from powerful bureaucrats/Janissary leaders • Mahmud II built secret army to disrupt Janissary power, attempted to westernize in order to compete • Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876) • Major push towards westernization • Western-style education – training in European sciences and math • Railways, telegraphs, newspapers, law reforms (new constitution - 1876) • Very few improvements for women • Sultanate under pressure - Sultan Abdul Hamid attempted to return to absolute power • Restricted civil liberties, while continuing to westernize some aspects of society: • Military, technologies, education system

  4. I. Continued… • 1908 – Ottoman Society for Union & Progress • Founded by exiled intellectuals opposed to authoritarian rule • The Young Turks were determined to restore 1876 constitution • Military coup removed sultan from power • 1914 – lost control of Arab portions of empire • In-fighting among Young Turk officers slowed progress • WWI – beginning of the end of Ottoman imperial control

  5. II. Arab Islamic Heartlands • Decline of Ottomans left Arab lands unprotected from Europe • Napoleon’s success in Egypt showed how far Muslim world had fallen behind Europe • Mamluk (ex-Mongol slaves) cavalry used medieval armor and spears against modern artillery of Napoleon’s forces • Westernization efforts/European influence in Egypt • Muhammad Ali – ruler of Egypt (1801-48) • Wanted European-style military, but reluctant to fully westernize • Pressure from European powers prevented real industrialization – remained mainly agricultural based • Egyptian economy became dependent on European markets

  6. II. Continued… • Ali’s descendants (khedives) ruled until 1952 (eventually) as puppets of British • Suez Canal became center of conflict among European powers and between Arab states • Control over shipping routes • Islamic scholars discussed best ways to reduce European influence • Conflict between religious conservatives and those that argued for borrowing ideas from West (ex: al-Afghani) • Agreed on need for Muslim unity in face of European aggression • Lack of unified resistance signaled beginning of Western dominance of Middle East for next century

  7. III. Qing Dynasty in China • As Ming Dynasty began to decline, Manchupeoples of the North invaded • 1644 – capture city of Beijing, took 20 years to take full control China • Declared themselves Qing Dynasty • Retained much of the political system from Ming dynasty • Societal changes were minimal • Further decline of women’s status (more feet-binding, infanticide) • Relaxed isolationist policies of Ming • Growth of merchant class (compradors) • Corruption planted seeds of decline • Examination system failed • Government positions could be easily bought • Public works declined, famine and disease increased

  8. III. Continued… • European threat • Europeans began trading opium from India for Chinese goods • Chinese realized opium was a threat to society (but too late) • 1% of population addicted (4,000,000) • Opium Wars – (1839-1860) resulted in British taking control of Hong Kong as a trading port • Rebellions and conflicts add to Qing’s demise • Taiping Rebellion – led by Hong Xiuquan(self-proclaimed prophet), sought to overthrow Qing rule and influence of scholar-gentry • Led to self-strengthening movement - led by regional leaders, modernized armies, factories, transportation • Boxer Rebellion – 1898 uprising intended to expel foreigners • Failure led to even greater control/influence by Europeans

  9. III. Continued… • End of the dynastic cycle • Revolutionaries from rising western-educated middle class sought to end Qing rule • Reorganize China based on western models/ideas • However, despised foreign involvement • 1911 – secret society uprisings, student demonstrations, and military mutinies erupted • Regional leaders refused to put down rebellions • 1912 – Last Qing emperor (Puyi) was removed • Next for modern China? • Nationalists vs. Communists

  10. Key Vocabulary – ch. 26 • Tanzimat reforms • Ottoman Society for Union & Progress • Khedives • Khartoum • Banner armies • Qing dynasty • Compradors • Opium War • Taiping Rebellion • Self-strengthening movement • Boxer Rebellion • Suez Canal

  11. Wrap-up: 5 minute response • In what ways were the empires of the Ottomans’ and the Qing similar? How were they different?

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