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I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism

I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism IV. World War II and Its Aftermath V. Decolonization. I. The Middle East Divided A. The War Years Parties: Russia—Mediterranean port Britain—Suez area French—eastern Mediterranean

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I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism

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  1. I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism IV. World War II and Its Aftermath V. Decolonization

  2. I. The Middle East Divided • A. The War Years • Parties: • Russia—Mediterranean port • Britain—Suez area • French—eastern Mediterranean • Germans—Mediterranean, North Africa • Jerusalem • Zionists • Ottomans • Enver Pasah, Minister of War • joins Central Powers • Britain • High Commissioner, Henry McMahon • and Sharif Husain of Mecca (1856–1931) • Arab independence promised

  3. I. The Middle East Divided • (A. The War Years) • 1916—Sykes-Picot Agreement • secret • Britain, France, Russia • division of Syria, Iraq, Turkey • > Husain launches revolt, 1916 • son, Faisal (1885–1933) • T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935) • 1920—General Syrian Congress • Faisal, king of Syria • 1920—San Remo Conference • all Arab territories to Allies > mandates • France—Syria, Lebanon • Britain—Iraq, Palestine • 1917—Balfour Declaration • Jewish homeland in Palestine • World Zionist Organization, 1897 • Theodore Herzl • Chaim Weizmann (1872–1952)

  4. I. The Middle East Divided • B. Turkey • Mustafa Kemal (1880–1938) • “Ataturk” • hero of Gallipoli • 1922—Turkey a Republic • Kemal as president • 1923—Treaty of Lausanne • Turkish sovereignty • Reforms • secular state • civil code • women’s vote • alphabet

  5. I. The Middle East Divided • C. Iran • Reza Khan • 1925 • Qajar shah deposed • > Pahlavi dynasty • Reforms • Tehran University • westernization • some secularization • D. Arabia • British control Persian Gulf • Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa’ud (1881–1953) • 1924, takes Mecca and Medina • Sharia law

  6. I. The Middle East Divided • E. Egypt • 1922—Independence • Britain retains control • 1923 Elections • Wafd victory • Zaghlul president • khedive becomes king • Egyptian Feminist Union, 1923 • Huda Sha’rawi • Muslim Brotherhood, 1928 • Hasan al-Banna

  7. I. The Middle East Divided • F. The Mandates • Iraq • 1917, British in Baghdad • Constitutional monarchy • 1932—Independence • British retain control • 75-year oil lease • Syria • French control • 1925–1927—rebellions • 1943—French withdraw

  8. I. The Middle East Divided • G. Palestine • Yishuv • Zionist community • kibbutzim • Arabs • Hajj Amin al-Husayni • 1919–1926, Jewish immigration • increases 1933–1936 • Balfour Declaration

  9. II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa • A. Nationalist Movements • New forums • Lagos Weekly Record • West African Pilot • Imvo Zabantsundu • B. Organization • National Congress of British West Africa • Gold Coast (Ghana) Gambia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone • J. E. Casely-Hayford • East African Association • Kenya • predominantly Kikuyo • Harry Thuku, leader • 1922, arrested • 1923, banned • Senegal • Blaise Diagne • Chamber of Deputies

  10. III. Pan-Africanism • A. International Support • W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) • NAACP • editor of The Crisis • Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) • Universal Negro Improvement Association • B. Ethiopia • Haile Selassie, emperor • 1935—Italian invasion • League of Nations acts • ineffective • C. Post-War • Fifth Pan-African Congress • Du Bois • Kwame Nkrumah • Jomo Kenyatta • shift to African leadership

  11. IV. World War II and Its Aftermath • A. World War II • African soldiers • British West Africa • 167,000 soldiers • British East Africa • 280,000 soldiers • B. Post-War • Tangyanika African National Union • founded, 1954 • Julius Nyerere • uses UN • African Democratic Assembly • (RDA—Rassemblement démocratique africain) • Felix Houphouet-Boigny

  12. IV. World War II and Its Aftermath • C. Kenya • Kikuyu split • Jomo Kenyatta—Kenyan African Union • Radials—Land and Freedom Party (Mau Mau) • British response • 1951—repression, internment camps • 1955–1959—state of emergency • Kenyatta in prison 1951–1961 • 1963, elected president • D. South Africa • 1912—Native National Congress • > African National Congress, 1923 • African National Congress • John Dube (1871–1946) • first president • founds Ohlange Institute • modeled after Tuskegee Institute • Charlotte Maxeke (1874–1939) • founds high school

  13. V. Decolonization • A. The Middle East and North Africa • Ottoman Empire • Iran • Mohammad Mosaddeq • Tunisia • Habib Bourguiba • Egypt • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Algeria • National Liberation Front • Charles de Gaulle • 1962, Independence • Suez Crisis, 1956 • French, English, Israel attack Egypt • USSR, U.S. intervene

  14. V. Decolonization • B. Sub-Saharan Africa • United Gold Coast Convention • Kwame Nkrumah • Convention People’s Party, 1949 • Independence, 1957 • Ghana • France • French Community, 1958 • Referendum • Guinea • Sekou Touré • Independence, 1958 • > 1960, 13 colonies independent

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