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AP World History: The Rise of Rome. Period Two. NY State Standards 2, 3, 4 Common Core RS 5, 6, 9, WS 1. I Geography of Ancient Rome. Italy is a peninsula located next to the Mediterranean Sea. B) Rome is in center of Italy.
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AP World History: The Rise of Rome Period Two NY State Standards 2, 3, 4 Common Core RS 5, 6, 9, WS 1
I Geography of Ancient Rome • Italy is a peninsula located next to the Mediterranean Sea. B) Rome is in center of Italy. C) UNLIKE Greece, Italy is not broken up into isolated valleys. (The Apennine Mountains and the Alps are less rugged than the mountains in Greece) D) Main Rivers: Tiber, Po & Arno
II Roman Beginnings • The Latins migrated to Italy 800 BCE and settled by the Tiber river valley. Most were farmers. B) However, others already lived by the Tiber River, including Greeks and Etruscans (originally from Asia Minor). The Romans adopted ideas and beliefs from both of these cultures. - From the Etruscans: Engineering (including how to construct an arch) - From the Greeks: Greek mythology, art, philosophy
ETRUSCAN BURIAL CHAMBER: They liked to be buried in a replica of their home.
Rome Beginnings Continued… C) The Latins drove out the last Etruscan King in 509 BCE. They created the first Republic to prevent any one person from gaining too much power. The Republic was ruled by an elected Senate. A Republic is a type of democratic government where the citizens vote for a someone to represent them.
The Legend of Romulus and Remus Rhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea had twin sons. She loved her boys, but there were plots by other gods to harm her family. To protect the boys, she set them adrift on the river, hoping someone would find them. Sure enough, first they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife adopted the boys. As the twins grew older, they decided they did not want to take care of sheep; they wanted to be kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of the Tiber. They both wanted to be the only king. They quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a rock, killed his brother, and made himself king. Thus, began the city of Rome.
Rape of the Sabine Women According to the Roman historian Livy, Romulus asked the neighbors of Rome to allow their women to marry Roman men. The neighbors said no. Romulus then arranged a religious festival and invited his neighbors. When everyone was drunk, the Romans grabbed the women. It wasn’t all bad; Romulus promised the women citizenship and happy marriages!
III The Roman Republic • The Roman Republic was controlled by 300 senators. Who served for life. B) Each year the Senate elected 2 consuls. Consuls served one term, supervised government workers and commanded the army. *Each consul could veto the other. C) During war, the Senate could elect a dictator, a ruler with absolute power for 6 months. All of these positions could only be filled by members of the patrician class (the most wealthy). How did the Roman Republic have checks and balances? Recall that Athens created the first democracy in the 5th century BCE.
The Roman Republic Continued… D) The plebeians (members of the lower class) began to protest their lack of power in the Roman Republic. This led to 2 major changes. 1. By 494 BCE plebeians could elect a tribune(who could veto [stop] laws). 2. 450 BCE the 12 Tables (Roman laws engraved on tablets, and divided into 12 tables or sections) was placed in the Roman Forum (marketplace).
The 12 Tables Table III Section 1 One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed. Table IV Section 1 A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. Table V Section 1 Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority [reached the age of adulthood]. Table XI Section 1 Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.
IV Roman Expansion • By 270 BCE Rome had expanded into all of Italy. They did this by • Building a road system that connected all Roman land • Having an efficient and well paid army • Making most of its conquered people citizens, and respecting local culture and traditions. *The condition was that all citizens had to pay taxes, perform military service in wartime, and pay allegiance to the Roman government. • They fought the Phoenicians in the Punic Wars for control of the Mediterranean.
Roman Expansion Continued… The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. and ending with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage–a powerful city-state in northern Africa–had established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. The First Punic War broke out in 264 B.C. when Rome interfered in a dispute on the Carthaginian-controlled island of Sicily; the war ended with Rome in control of both Sicily and Corsica and marked the empire's emergence as a naval as well as a land power. In the Second Punic War, the great Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy and scored great victories at Lake Trasimene and Cannae before his eventual defeat at the hands of Rome's Scipio Africanus in 202 B.C. left Rome in control of the western Mediterranean and much of Spain. In the Third Punic War, the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured and destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning Africa into yet another province of the mighty Roman Empire. –history.com
Hannibal, The Man Who Almost Defeated Rome Hannibal was the leader of the Phoenicians during the 2nd Punic War. He surprised Rome by coming by land across the Alps on horses and elephants. He had hoped to gain the help of Rome’s enemies, but he could not find many, as Rome tended to treat its conquered people well. Hannibal almost won the war, until Rome changed strategy and attacked his home-city of Carthage. Hannibal returned to Carthage, where he was defeated. In revenge, the Romans destroyed Carthage and salted the ground so nothing would grow for years.
The Roman World at the End of the Punic Wars, 2nd Century BCE
V Results of Roman Expansion • After the Punic Wars, many farms were abandoned or turned into apartment buildings for the poor. • Rome began to import grain and luxury goods from across the empire. This led to debt. • The Roman Republic was becoming less democratic and more like an oligarchy. (Power was being concentrated in the hands of a few families). Civil War
Summary • What is the difference between the legend of Romulus and Remus, and the actual founding of Rome? • What ideas have we taken from the Roman Republic? • How did the expansion of Rome change life in the Mediterranean? Was it for the better or worse?
Key Vocabulary • Rome • Tiber River • Po River • Arno River • Apennine Mountains • Latins • Etruscans • Republic • 12 Tables • Plebeians • Patricians • Consul • Senate • Tribune • Dictator • Veto • Phoenicians • Punic Wars • Hannibal • Carthage • Oligarchy
