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This text explores the massive increase in travel activity in the 1400s as communities searched for land due to agricultural needs and scarce resources. It delves into the adventures of sea travel, romanticized and enticing due to larger hauls and less conflict. The Portuguese, led by Prince Henry the Navigator, sought to control the coast of Africa and the Indies, resulting in mixed responses from Africa and the beginnings of slave trading. The text also discusses the impact of sugar plantations in the Americas, notable conquistadors such as Columbus, Hernando Cortes, and Pizarro, and England's involvement in exploration and colonization.
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New Worlds Migration and Conflict
1400’s Travel • Massive increase in travel activity • Search for land as communities grow • Agricultural needs • Resources becoming scarce • Adventures of Sea Travel • Romanticized • Enticing due to larger hauls • Less conflict
The Portuguese • Prince Henry the Navigator • drawn to areas of Africa • for trade, exploits, and bringing of Christianity • goal to control the coast off of Africa and along to the Indies • Great success…..rulers the sea, seen as the experts of the sea • Others looked to them for their ingenuity and knowledge of seafaring • Impact on Africa • mixed responses • beginnings of slave trading
The “Sweet” Side of Slavery • Sugar recognized as important commodity • Labor intensive • Plantations growing • Labor source needed • Land needed
The Americas • Notable Names • Columbus • Single-minded ambition: find route to China and India • Never fully recognized what he had come upon and what the ramifications would be
Cont…… • Hernando Cortes vs. Monctezuma 1519 • Aztec empire the greatest of its time in North and Central America • Strengths: powerful military, great wealth and system of control • Weaknesses: No centralized gov’t, no alliances with those they conquered, lack of advances in weaponry, religious belief.
Cont….. • Cortes traveled with Malinche, companion and translator allowed to make alliances on the way and communicate once in Tenochtitlan • Tenochtitlan fell easily due to the three D’s: Disease, disunity and disorganization
Cont….. • Incas vs. Pizarro 1530 • In S. America another occurrence and conquering took place • Incas very well organized and centralized, with an established system of governing • Pizzaro and his rough bunch came at just the right time • Internal friction coupled power given to one led to the demise of this great power along with the advanced technology and of course the D word..disease • Soon toppled by the Spanish
The British are Coming • Giovanni Caboto aka John Cabot • Prior to John Cabot trips made well into the Atlantic for fishing, animal hides and timber • 1497 discovers Newfoundland…served as a great port and a place of seafaring camaraderie, sharing of tales tips • This was a slow beginning for England; not bringing in the riches of other Europeans
Cont… • England Reformed • Religious changes impact England in many ways • King Henry the VIII stirring things up for personal reasons, affected politics and religion • Protestants on the rise in the aftermath • First intro to the Puritans under the rule of Elizabeth the I • Calvinist zealots
Cont… • Elizabeth opens door for exploration • Philosophy: Protestantism, nationalism, exploration, and colonization • Desire to get in the game • Sir Walter Raleigh and Humphrey Gilbert lead the way • Charters given • Some hits, some misses • Raleigh initially makes good contact
Cont…. • First interactions between natives and English mutually beneficial • Feuds soon to follow, retreat • Trying again, disastrous effects 2nd time around
