Gene Technology and Human Applications Chpt 15

1. Gene Technology and Human ApplicationsChpt 15

2. The Human Genome • Gene Sequencing: Process of determining the order of genes. • Human Genome Project: Specific genes and their locus identified. • Shows gene linkage – close genes go together

3. Human Genome Project • Started in 1990 • Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) • Over 3.3 billion nucleotides • Mapping every gene location (loci) • Conducted by scientists around the world

4. Benefits of Human Genome Project • Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … • Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. • Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

5. Before Gene Technology • Artificial Selection/selective breeding: man selected for preferred traits increases gene frequency • Agriculture – plants/animals • Pedigree • Punnetts • Cross pollination • Test Cross

6. Present Technology • Recombinant DNA • Biotechnology • Gel Electrophoresis • DNA Fingerprinting • Genetic Engineering • Cloning • Karyotyping • Embryo transfer • Genetic Counseling

7. Genetic engineering or Biotechnology • transfer of genes from one organisms to another: GMO’s Genetically Modified Organisms insulin, antiobiotics, antivenoms • Creates Recombinant DNA -Using a plasmid host (bacteria DNA)

8. Genetic Counseling • Informs people of risks (pedigrees/Karyotypes) • Gene Therapy: replace a dysfunctional gene with a replacement gene. Not always effective

9. DNA Fingerprinting /Gel Electrophorisis seperates DNA with electrode (- and = ends) Identifies individuals unique DNA from small amount Cut, sorted, and tagged = banding. Criminal identification

10. DNA evidence Indicates the Defendant has victim’s Blood on his clothing

11. Cloning • Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells • Hello Dolly!

12. Cloning organisms • A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused • The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

13. Cloning “Dolly”

14. Stem Cell Research • Can continuously divide and differentiate into various tissues • Can direct differentiation We use Bone marrow and Embryos – ethical problems!

15. Recombinant DNA Highlights • DNA can be cut with Restriction Enzymes • DNA ends are ‘sticky’ • New DNA can be inserted • Creating a new Genetically Modified Organism

16. “Spooled” DNA – we did this with strawberriesSee how sticky!

17. Cutting DNA • Restriction enzymescut or cleave DNA at specific base sequences • Divides DNA into manageable sticky fragments that can be used

18. Splicing • The cleaved DNA is spliced into a desireable DNA • A New Sequence of DNA is created • The new sequence is put into a Vector (virus) and injected into a bacterium where it grows the new DNA

19. Recombined DNA…. • With this DNA we can recombine it, Make Transgenic organisms (GMO) separate it and fingerprint it, sequence it, copy it, Clone it, map it….

20. Vector – carries new DNA to bacteria

23. Gel Electrophoresis:allows dna to separate by size • DNA is separated based on size and charge (- or +) • The phosphate groups are negatively charged • DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

24. Electrophoresis • Negative DNA moves toward the positive end • Smaller fragments move farther and faster

25. Electrophoresis

28. DNA Sequencing • Putti g DNA in order • The result is DNA fragments of multiple sizes with colors that can be identified

29. DNA Sequencing • Read the sequence from bottom to top.

30. HGP Insights • Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) • Other 98% (introns) are non-coding • Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) • Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins • About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide • About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

31. Benefits of Genetic Engineering

32. Biotechnology - • The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

33. Biotechnology Provides: • Improved food products • Medical advances • An enhanced environment

34. Herbicide Resistant Crops • Soybeans: Roundup Ready • Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link • Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready • Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

35. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Insulin (1982) • First commercial biotech product • Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin • Rice • Enriched with beta-carotene and iron • Bananas • Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

36. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Potatoes with higher solid content • Garlic that lowers cholesterol • Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

37. Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide use • Lower energy requirements • Use less water • Cleaner water • Less soil erosion

38. Problems • Human Rights- Designer Babies Will you be 1 in a million? • Safety – GMO studies incomplete! DNA has travelled to other plants • Bees and Butterflies disappearing • Property Laws –who owns what genes? Patent Laws? Ex: Oil eating bacteria

39. 2. Recombinant DNA • Plasmid from bacteria • Donor DNA gene • Cut both with same restriction enzyme leaving sticky ends • Add new gene into bacterial plama by combining sticky ends • Insert plasmid w/recombinant DNA back into bacteria • Clone & isolate

40. To Create Recombinant DNA: GMO Engineered…Terms • Plasmid: a circular form of DNA in bacteria where DNA is inserted and grows Recombined DNA • Vector: vehicle to transfer DNA • Foreign DNA is inserted into the plasmid in the bacteria, then the bacteria makes more of the DNA inserted