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What is a “grass roots” political movement?

What is a “grass roots” political movement?. What is a “grass roots movement”?. Individuals can be the agent of change in society Civil Rights Era: What change were individuals seeking?. Background to Civil Rights Era. 250 years of slavery…. Reconstruction Amendments.

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What is a “grass roots” political movement?

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  1. What is a “grass roots” political movement?

  2. What is a “grass roots movement”? • Individuals can be the agent of change in society • Civil Rights Era: What change were individuals seeking?

  3. Background to Civil Rights Era

  4. 250 years of slavery…

  5. Reconstruction Amendments • 13th ends slavery • Southern states forced to ratify to re-enter the Union • 14th- guarantees equal rights of citizenship to all born in America • 15th- Right to vote cannot be denied based on race

  6. Civil Rights Act of 1875 • “All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accomodations… of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement” • SUPREME COURT declares unconstitutional in 1883

  7. Plessy v. Ferguson • Establishes “separate but equal” • Segregation is constitutional

  8. Jim Crowe South

  9. Via intimidation, literacy tests, poll taxes, African Americans effectively disenfranchised in the south

  10. 20th Century…. • 1909- NAACP formed to fight for equality in courts • World War I: Great Migration to the north • 1920s: Harlem Renaissance • New Deal • FDR includes African Americans in public works projects • WW2 • Million blacks in Armed Forces • Part of “Arsenal of Democracy”

  11. Things don’t happen in a vacuum:How do the following “set the stage” for the Civil Rights movement?

  12. Executive Order 9981 • Truman desegregates the military

  13. Dodgers sign Jackie Robinson • Breaks the “color barrier” in professional baseball

  14. NAACP and Thurgood Marshall • Goes after “separate but equal” in the courts • Focuses on schools • 29 out of 32 cases won • Becomes 1st Black Supreme Court Justice (1965-1991)

  15. Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas- 1954 • Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson • "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." 1957: protests to forced desegregation, Charlotte, NC, 1957

  16. South resists- • Southern Manifesto • The Warren court overstepped its authority • Southern States can ignore it • Stage is set for the “Civil Rights Movement” 1955-1965

  17. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks arrested • MLK organizes boycott • SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Council) • African American churches organizes to non-violently protest segregation

  18. 1958: Little Rock Nine • Eisenhower has army escort black students to high school to force desegration

  19. Things don’t happen in a vacuum:How do the following “set the stage” for the Civil Rights movement?

  20. 1961- 1965: Height of “the movement” • What tactics were used by activists? • Role of YOUNG people…. • Would you have joined? • What were the tangible results by 1965

  21. 1960- Sit-ins • Starts with 4 college freshmen • Spreads quickly

  22. 1963- Freedom Riders • CORE: Congress of Racial Equality • Whites and blacks ride together to southern bus stations • Attacked

  23. 1963- Birmingham Campaign • MLK and thousands arrested • Attacked by police • On television • JFK calls for Civil Rights Act

  24. 1964- March on Washington • “I have a Dream” • Demanding a Civil Rights Act….

  25. 1964- Civil Rights Act is passed • Bans discrimination in employment & “public accomodations”

  26. 1964- Freedom Summer • SNCC (“Snik”)- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Go to Mississippi to get African Americans to register to vote… • (4 dead… 80 beaten… 3 blacks killed…. 1062 arrrested…. 37 churches bombed… 30 black homes bombed…)

  27. 1965 Voting Rights Act • No more literacy tests • Extensive FEDERAL gov’t control over elections…

  28. Assignment- 10 points • Create a newspaper front page for your assigned event • “Splashy” Headline • Sub-headline? • Date • Photo • Brief factual summary- PUT YOURSELF THERE, reporting on it that day! • What happened? Why? Significance?

  29. 1961- 1965: Height of “the movement” • What tactics were used by activists? • Role of YOUNG people…. • Risks taken by joining…. • What were the tangible results by 1965\ • What now?

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