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Computer Basics

Computer Basics. Computer Technology. Then. Now. The History of the Computer. &. Computer Evolution. 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine. Computer Evolution. Early 1800’s Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom.

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Computer Basics

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  1. Computer Basics Computer Technology

  2. Then Now The History of the Computer &

  3. Computer Evolution • 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine

  4. Computer Evolution • Early 1800’s Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom. • 1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine

  5. The Punch Card • 1890 Herman Hollerith – invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that would later be IBM.

  6. Evolution (continued) 1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)

  7. ENIAC Computer • Miles of wiring • 18,000 vacuum tubes • Thousands of resistors and switches • No monitor • 3,000 blinking lights • Cost $486,000 • 100,000 additions per second • Weighed 30 tons • Filled a 30x50 foot room • Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted up

  8. 1943 • Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project. • She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction.

  9. 1950s • Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electronic circuitry • Punch Cards main source of input • Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec) • 100,000 additions/sec. • Used for scientific calculations • New computers were the rule, cost effectiveness wasn’t’

  10. 1960s • Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes) • Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) • 200,000 additions/sec. • Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing of computers to businesses • Data files stored on magnetic tape • Computer Scientists controlled operations

  11. Late 60’s Early 70’s • Integrated circuit boards • New input methods such as plotters, scanners • Software became more important • Sophisticated operating systems • Improved programming languages • Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

  12. 1970’s Integrated circuits and silicone chips lead to smaller microprocessors

  13. Late 80’s to Current • Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip. • Pentium chip named by Intel • Modems – communication along telephone wires • Portable computers: laptops • Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes • Emphasis on information needed by the decision maker.

  14. MAIN MEMORY OUTPUT INPUT AUXILIARY STORAGE The Information Processing Cycle PROCESSING

  15. Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball Light pen Image scanner Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer Voice recognition Auxiliary Storage Device INPUT INPUT DEVICES(Hardware)

  16. PROCESSINGHARDWARE PROCESSING • Central Processing Unit: CPU • The Brains or Intelligence of the computer. Controls input and output • The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions. • Silicon chip: integrated circuit board • Pentium: name give to a particular chip

  17. What two numbers are used in Binary Code? • 0 and 1 • They are each called a BIT • 8 BITS make a BYTE • 1 BYTE makes a letter or number • KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes • MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes • GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes • TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes

  18. ROM READ ONLY MEMORY Small Instructions are installed permanently at the factory Cannot be changed These instructions check the computer’s resources and looks for Operating System RAM RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY Main Memory Temporary—it is erased when turned off. It is where programs and data is stored while being processed MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE MEMORY

  19. OUTPUT OUTPUT DEVICES(HARDWARE) • Useful information that leaves the system • Output Hardware includes: • Monitor: soft copy • Printers: hard copy • Flat Panel displays • Voice and music - speakers • Synthesizers • Plotters

  20. Network Drive (H: drive) Hard Disk Drive (C:drive) Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk (A:drive) Smart card CD Read/Write Drive Zip Drive Digital Audio Tape AUXILIARY STORAGE AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

  21. Computer Hardware

  22. Hardware • Includes the electronic and mechanical devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices

  23. System Unit • Case that holds the power supply, storage devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard).

  24. CPU (Central Processing Unit) • Where the processing in a computer takes place, often called the brain of the computer.

  25. Circuits • The path from one component of a computer to another that data uses to travel. • Circuits run between • RAM and the microprocessor • RAM and various storage devices

  26. Silicon Chip • Silicon is melted sand. • What the circuits are embedded into to keep them together.

  27. Peripheral Devices • Devices connected by cable to the CPU. • Used to expand the computer’s input, output and storage capabilities.

  28. Input Devices • Units that gather information and transform that information into a series of electronic signals for the computer.

  29. Keyboard • An arrangement of letters, numbers, and special function keys that act as the primary input device to the computer.

  30. Mouse • An input device that allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the mouse along the surface of the desk.

  31. Sound Card • A circuit board that gives the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output through speakers or headphones.

  32. Modem • A device that sends and receives data to and from computers over telephone lines. • Means (Modulate – Demodulate).

  33. Output Devices • Devices that display, print or transmit the results of processing from the computers memory.

  34. Monitor • Display device that forms an image by converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored light on the screen.

  35. Resolution • The density of the grid used to display or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution. • The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the resolution.

  36. Pixels • The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics. • Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar display

  37. Printer • Output device that produces text or graphical images on paper.

  38. Speakers • Output devices that receive signals from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects.

  39. Storage Devices • Used to keep data when the power to the computer is turned off. • Different forms • Hard disk • Floppy or zip disks • CD-Writer

  40. Formatted • Arrangement of data for storage or display. • All storage devices must be formatted.

  41. Hard Disk • Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent storage

  42. Floppy Disk • Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff envelope

  43. Compact Discs • CD-ROM • Compact disk with read only memory • CD-R • Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk. • CD-RW • Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

  44. DVD • DVD ROM • Digital Video Disk which is read only. • DVD-R • Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only. • DVD-RW • Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.

  45. Flash or Jump Drives • External storage devices that can be used like a external hard drive. • They have the capability to be saved to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard drive.

  46. Software Components

  47. Software • A computer program that tells the computer how to perform particular tasks.

  48. Program • A series of commands and executable files that produce results.

  49. Operating System • Software that translates a computers commands and allows application programs to interact with the computer’s hardware • Examples: • Windows XP • Unix • OS 10 (MAC)

  50. Application Software • Program that performs a specific function. • Examples • Microsoft Office • Adobe Photoshop • WordPerfect

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