Chapter 22 Section 1

1. Chapter 22 Section 1 • Before World War II war, Vietnam had been ruled by French. French also ruled Laos and Cambodia • America’s involvement in Vietnam began in 1950, during the French Indochina War, the name given to France’s attempt to reestablish its rule in Vietnam after World War II. • Seeking to strengthen its ties with France and to help fight the spread of communism, the United States provided the French with massive economic and military support. • Vietnamese peasants unhappy so French restrict freedom of speech and assembly and by jailing many Vietnamese nationalists.

2. Chapter 22 Section 1 • Ho Chi Minh moves to France and protests French rule of Vietnam • Minh sentenced to death by French but flees to Soviet Union and studies communism • 1940 Japanese take control of Vietnam during, but Vietnam gets its freedom when Japan has to surrender. Ho Chi Minh returned home and helped form the Vietminh, an organization whose goal it was to win Vietnam’s independence from foreign rule. • 1945 Minh claims Vietnam’s independence.

3. Chapter 22 Section 1 • FRANCE BATTLES THE VIETMINH • France had no intention of relinquishing its former colony in Vietnam. • French troops moved back into Vietnam by the end of 1945, eventually regaining control of the cities and the country’s southern half. • Ho Chi Minh vowed to fight from the North to liberate the South from French control. • U.S. joins in Vietnam in 1950 and sent nearly $15 million in economic aid to France.

4. Chapter 22 Section 1 • Over the next four years, the United States paid for much of France’s war, pumping nearly $1 billion into the effort to defeat a man America had once supported. • Ironically, during World War II, the United States had forged an alliance with Ho Chi Minh, supplying him with aid to resist the Japanese. • But by 1950, the United States had come to view its one-time ally as a communist aggressor.

5. Chapter 22 Section 1 • President Eisenhower continues financial support to France and since America was at standstill with Korea it was more determined to stop communism. • America was worried about the Domino Theory that stated that Smaller, weaker countries that bordered more powerful Communist countries would become communist.

6. Chapter 22 Section 1 • Despite massive U.S. aid, however, the French could not retake Vietnam. • They were forced to surrender in May of 1954, when the Vietminh overran the French outpost at Dien Bien Phu, in northwestern Vietnam. • From May through July 1954, the countries of France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Laos, and Cambodia met in Geneva, Switzerland, with the Vietminh and with South Vietnam’s anticommunist nationalists to hammer out a peace agreement.

7. Chapter 22 Section 1 • The Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel. • The Communists and their leader, Ho Chi Minh, controlled North Vietnam from the capital of Hanoi. The anticommunist nationalists controlled South Vietnam from the capital and southern port city of Saigon. • An election to unify the country was called for in 1956. • Ho Chi Minh won popular support in the North by breaking up large estates and redistributing land to peasants.

8. Chapter 22 Section 1 • South Vietnam’s president, Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-Communist, refused to take part in the countrywide election of 1956. • The United States also sensed that a countrywide election might spell victory for Ho Chi Minh and supported canceling elections. • Diem, however, failed to hold up his end of the bargain. He ushered in a corrupt government that suppressed opposition of any kind and offered little or no land distribution to peasants. • In addition, Diem, a devout Catholic, angered the country’s majority Buddhist population by restricting Buddhist practices.

9. Chapter 22 Section 1 • By 1957, the Vietcong had begun attacks on the Diem government, assassinating thousands of South Vietnamese government officials. • Ho Chi Minh supported the group, and in 1959 began supplying arms to the Vietcong via a network of paths along the borders of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia that became known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail

10. Chapter 22 Section 1 • Wary of accusations that Democrats were “soft” on communism, President Kennedy increased financial aid to Diem’s teetering regime and sent thousands of military advisers to help train South Vietnamese troops. • By the end of 1963, 16,000 U.S. military personnel were in South Vietnam. • Shortly before his death, Kennedy had announced his intent to withdraw U.S. forces from South Vietnam. • Whether Kennedy would have withdrawn from Vietnam remains a matter of debate. • However, Lyndon Johnson escalated the nation’s role in Vietnam and eventually began what would become America’s longest war.

11. Chapter 22 Section 1 • THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION • On August 2, 1964, a North Vietnamese patrol boat fired a torpedo at an American destroyer, the USS Maddox, which was patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin off the North Vietnamese coast. The torpedo missed its target, but the Maddox returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on the patrol boat. • Two days later, the Maddox and another destroyer were again off the North Vietnamese coast. In spite of bad weather that could affect visibility, the crew reported enemy torpedoes, and the American destroyers began firing. • The crew of the Maddox later declared, however, that they had neither seen nor heard hostile gunfire.

12. Chapter 22 Section 1 • The alleged attack on the U.S. ships prompted President Johnson to launch bombing strikes on North Vietnam. He asked Congress for powers to take “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.” • Congress approved Johnson’s request, with only two senators voting against it, and adopted the Tonkin Gulf Resolution on August 7. • While not a declaration of war, it granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam. • In February of 1965, President Johnson used his newly granted powers. In response to a Vietcong attack that killed eight Americans. • Johnson unleashed “Operation Rolling Thunder,” the first sustained bombing of North Vietnam. • In March of that year the first American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam. • By June, more than 50,000 U.S. soldiers were battling the Vietcong. The Vietnam War had become Americanized.

13. 1.) Who ruled Vietnam before World War II? a.) French b.) Japanese c.) Vietcong 2.) What was the Indochina War? a.) Japan’s attempt to regain control of Vietnam b.) France’s attempt to regain control of Vietnam c.) The Vietcong’s attempt to regain control of Vietnam 3) What was the overall reason the United States entered the Vietnam war? a.) To stop the spread of Communism b.) To take control of Southern Asia c.) To take control of Southeastern Europe 4.) What happened to Ho Chi Minh when he protested French rule of Vietnam? a.) He was assassinated b.) He fled to Russia c.) He was put in jail for life 5.) What did Minh want for Vietnam? a.) He wanted Vietnam to have it’s independence b.) He wanted Vietnam to take control of Europe c.) He wanted Vietnam to take control of Asia 6.) What was the United States role when they first entered the Vietnam War? a.) Combat Troops b.) Mostly front line defense c.) Advisors and trainers 7.) Why was Ho Chi Minh an ally at one point? a.) The U.S. helped him defeat the Japanese b.) The U.S. helped him defeat the French c.) The U.S. helped him defeat the Russians 8.) What did President Kennedy promise to do just before his assassination? a.) He promised to fight the war until victory was obvious b.) He promised to withdraw troops c.) He promised to assassinate all members of the Vietcong 9.) What theory stated that smaller countries would turn communist when they bordered larger, more powerful communist countries? a.) The copycat theory b.) The containment theory c.) The domino theory 10.) What happened when the French fought the Vietminh? a.) They defeated them b.) They were defeated by them c.) They never fought them Chapter 22 Section 1 Quiz

14. 11.) Why did France, Great Britain, The Soviets, U.S., China, Laos meet in Geneva? a.) To plan an attack on Vietnam to keep it from becoming communist b.) To plan the assassination of Ho Chi Minh c.) To reach a peace agreement with the Vietminh and South Vietnam 12.) Describe the results of the Geneva convention. a.) It was unsuccessful b.) It was cancelled due to a lack of participation c.) It was unsuccessful 13.) What divides the Northern half of Vietnam with the Southern half? a.) 17th Parallel b.) Prime Meridian c.) Vietnam Wall 14.) How did Ho Chi Minh gain his support? a.) He gave land from the rich to the peasants in North Vietnam b.) He made the Viet Cong feel as if they would die if they did not vote for him c.) He supported the U.S.’s efforts in the liberation of Vietnam 15.) Name the network of paths used by the Vietcong to supply their network from North Vietnam to South Vietnam? a.) The Laos and Cambodia trail b.) The Vietminh Trail c.) The Ho Chi Minh trail 16.) What event started America’s combat in the Vietnam war? a.) The Gulf of Tonkin incident b.) Pearl Harbor c.) The assassination of John F. Kennedy 17.) Name the American destroyer that was patrolling the Gulf of Tonkin? a.) The U.S.S. Maddox b.) The U.S.S. Oklahoma c.) The U.S.S. Arizona 18.) There is evidence that the incident in the Gulf of Tonkin may have been a false alarm? a.) True b.) False 19.) What resolution gave Pres. Johnson more broad military powers in the Vietnam War? a.) The Warsaw Pact b.) The Vietnam war Policy Resolution c.) The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 20.) Name the first sustained bombing by the United States in the Vietnam War? a.) Operation Vietnam b.) Operation Rolling Thunder c.) Operation Mongoose Chapter 22 Section 1 Quiz con’t.