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Group DSS

Group DSS. MSC 636 Winter 2003. Group Decision Making/MDM. Many definitions of “group” and group decision making Decision making characterized by collaborative efforts of more than one decision maker Benefits Multiple sources of knowledge & experience Variety of perspectives

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Group DSS

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  1. Group DSS MSC 636 Winter 2003

  2. Group Decision Making/MDM • Many definitions of “group” and group decision making • Decision making characterized by collaborative efforts of more than one decision maker • Benefits • Multiple sources of knowledge & experience • Variety of perspectives • Synergies of collaboration • Acceptance, commitment, education

  3. Group Multiple DMs with complete interaction Team Single DM with no participant interaction Committee Single DM with complete participant interaction Basic MDM Structures

  4. Networks & Norms • Wheel, Chain • Circle, Connected • Group norms: accepted rules or expectations for behavior of members • Price of continuing membership • Norms affect quality, effectiveness, efficiency of group process • Supported or altered by GDSS

  5. Factors for Determining Decision Structure • Importance of decision quality • Knowledge & expertise of DM • Knowledge & expertise of collaborators • Importance of solution acceptance • Risk of low acceptance • Shared goals of collaborators • Potential conflict in group

  6. Matrix for MDM Structure Selection Need for speed 

  7. Does Size Really Matter? • Satisfaction decreases • Cohesiveness decreases • Process changes: • Participant interaction decreases • Emotional relationships decrease • Dominant leadership increases • Management & info sharing more difficult • Sub-groups & coalitions form • Conflict is resolved politically rather than analytically

  8. GroupThink (Janis) • Agree at any cost • Limits development of objectives & criteria • Limits search for information • Limits unbiased analysis • Limits consideration of risks • Limits development of “Plan B”

  9. Group Decision Model Context Variables Group Process Task Outcomes Group Outcomes

  10. Dimensions of Group Decision Making Technology • Synchronous vs. asynchronous • Face-to-face vs. distributed • Local, regional, global • Formal vs. ad hoc • Continuing activities or project/issue restricted

  11. Organizational Decision Support Systems Group Support Systems Group DSS DSS MDM Support Technology Categorization

  12. Group Support Systems • Systems to support group decisions, work processes, and other on-going activitiescollaboration • Distributed • Synchronous & asynchronous • Formal & ad hoc • Intranets/extranets (infrastructure or platform) • Groupware (specific software)

  13. Intranet Architecture • Internet • Collection of networks (nodes) • 1969, US DOD, ARPANET • Backbone (MCI & AT&T) • 1990, HTML; 1992, WWW; 1994, Netscape browser • Data files, graphical files, video, audio • Intranet • WWW-style organizational networks • Browsers • Secured via user & password (SHTML) • Extranet • Secured access by external partners or mobile employees

  14. Intranet Applications • Publish corporate documents • Access to searchable databases • Access to departmental/individual pages • Access to groupware applications • Distribute software • E-mail • Consistent user interface

  15. Groupware • MDM software focusing on collaboration • Organization memory (knowledge) • Messaging & scheduling • Distributed conferencing • Group writing • Group DSS • Screen & desktop sharing • Electronic paper flow & workflow mgt.

  16. Notes vs. Outlook • Lotus Notes 6 & Domino server & development tools (IBM) • Outlook & Exchange server & development tools (MS) • Group communication environment w/full groupware featuers • Distributed document databases • Modularized • Internet integration available for web access

  17. Groupware • Forces in favor of adoption (p. 164) • Benefits • Integrated capabilities, consistent interface, development environment (EIS), scalable, open design, bolt-ons • Limitations • Cost:SW ($70/user + $2,000/server$22/uer/month), HW, network • Personnel • R5: Notes admin., 4 app. admin., certifier, & shared DB admin. & network administrator • Savings in R6 based on server consolidation, pushing applications to clients, lower bandwidth requirements, etc.

  18. Integrated Groupware Products • Lotus Notes/Domino • Microsoft Outlook/Exchange • Novell Groupwise • Oracle InterOffice • Many instant messaging tools

  19. Organizational Decision Support Systems Group Support Systems Group DSS DSS MDM Support Technology Categorization

  20. Video • War rooms with white board, overheads, video screens • Ventana is corporation formed to commercialize the University of Arizona work in GDSS (venture capital from IBM) • Note room layouts

  21. Traditional Meeting Woes • Communication bottlenecks • Taking turns (process losses) • Poor memory • Political/social suppression • Self censoring • Status effects on evaluation • Meeting management issues • Unstructured discussions & debates • Inefficient & ineffective • Data & analysis constraints • Poor access to supporting information • Poor access to modeling tools

  22. Features of GDSS • Enhance gains & minimize losses (p. 157) • Process support • Media, simultaneous input, anonymity, recording • Process structure • Electronic agenda-ing, participation monitoring, voting, & formal decision processes (I.e., brainstorming, nominal group method, Delphi, issue mapping) • Task support • Analytical support through modeling & data access • Task structure • Intelligent support for model selection, agents, ES

  23. By feature Communication Analysis Controlled process By technology Wired conference rooms Networks (groupware) Decision rooms Classes of GDSS

  24. U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.

  25. Defense Systems Management College

  26. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC

  27. Electronic brainstorming Topic commentary Issue analysis Voting and preference indication Policy formation Stakeholder analysis Organization of ideas Evaluation of alternatives Survey & questionnaires Multiple-format file readers Participant dictionary Enterprise analysis of outcomes MDM session management External data access Modeling & analysis tools Decision Room

  28. Outcomes of GDSS Use • Research is inconsistent • Some decisions reached faster (preference) • Anonymity increases participation • Effect on decision quality mixed • Effect on decision satisfaction mixed • Questionable variables • Types of decisions (judgment vs. other; consensus vs. majority) • Nature of group • Characteristics of users • Role of facilitator

  29. GDSS & Virtual Workplaces • Telecommuting, hotelling, mobile offices, virtual organizations, strategic alliances, transnational corporations • Need for speed • Need for collaboration & creativity • Mobile computing technology (ubiquitous tools) & group supporting software

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