Synthesis of National Experiences with Integrated Development and Climate Policies

1. Synthesis of National Experiences with Integrated Development and Climate Policies Kirsten Halsnæs, URC andP.R. Shukla, IIM, Ahmedabad

2. Structure • Overview of how sustainable development and climate change perspectives have been applied in different studies. • Lessons from mitigation studies. • Lessons from adaptation studies. • Sustainable development and international climate policy implications. • Cross cutting conclusions. • Suggestions for new activity areas.

3. Sustainable Development and Climate Change Perspectives • Studies vary according to scope and methodological approach: • Scope: • Sectors: Energy, agriculture, forestry, water, infrastructure etc. • Mitigation versus adaptation. • National and international climate policy conclusions. • Approach: • National scenarios and quantiative results. • In depth analysis of case studies. • Policy dialogues

6. Conlusions on the Overview • Particularly large countries like Brazil, China, India, and South Africa have been included. • Many Asian countries have participated. • Very few African and Latin American countries have participated. • Weak link between national studies and international climate policy conclusions. • Relatively few outputs in peer reviewed literature.

7. Development, Energy and Climate, URC with ”the big four” (Brazil, China, India and South Africa) + Bangladesh and Senegal. • SD PAM’s, WRI with ”the big four” Mitigation Focused Studies

8. Development, Energy and Climate Approach • Country study work including assessment of energy policies with regard to implications on MDG’s and climate change. • Focal areas for SD indicators: • Costs, benefits and other general economic impacts. • Income generation and distribution. • Energy provision and distribution. • Environmental impacts. • Health impacts of energy use and access to health services. • Education • Local participation. • Quantitative and qualitative analysis using scenarios and models

9. Focal Study Areas • The role of energy in SD seen in a macroeconomic context and at housholed level. • Social, economic and environmental impacts of energy scenarios. • The impacts of including GHG emission reduction in national policies. • Case study results for China, India, and South Africa are shown

17. Policy Impacts -China • Clean Coal Technologies will provide: • Energy security. • Large employment to low income families that are employed with the production of the technologies (7.6 mill people in 2004 and 7.8 mill. people in 2030). • Establishment of a strong position for China on international markets for cleaner coal technologies. • Reduction in local and global emissions.

18. SD Policies and Measures - Approach • SD PAM’s are defined as policies and measures taken by a country in pursuit of its domestic policy objectives. • Criteria for SD PAM’s: • Specific national development objectives. • Can include specific legislative or executive acts, regulations, various instruments, and public-private partnership. Solely private projects or initiatives are excluded. • GHG emissions should be reduced. • Suggested as a basis for climate change commitments.

19. SD PAM Case Study Results • China: Motorization trends. • India: Rural electrification. • South Africa: Carbon capture and storage. • Brazil: Biofuels for transport. • Issues include energy security, non-energy sectors, international agreements/finance.

20. Adaptation Focused Studies • OECD project Bridge Over Troubled Water • Case studies for Egypt, Fiji, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tanzania, and Uruguay. • General lessons: • Climate Change is already affecting development. • Future climate change may also need consideration in development planning. • A significant portion of development assistance is directed at climate sensitive sectors. Range 50-65% in Nepal to 12-26% in Tanzania. • Development activities routinely overlook climate change and often also variability.

21. Adaptation Focused Studies, Continued • Proposed activities: • Making climate information more relevant (including short term forecasts and variability). • Developing and applying climate risk screening tools (including at project level). • Identifying and using appropriate entry points for climate information (EIA, land use planning). • Shifting emphasis to implementation. • Encouraging meaningfull coordination • and the sharing of good practices • (private/public, international climate policies).

22. International Climate Policies • Asian consultations on climate regime beyond. 2012, IGES. Dialogues with China, India, Indonesia, Korea, and Vietnam. • Ideas for strenthening the future climate regime from an Asian perspective: • Developmental concerns, in particular energy security, should be addressed as a priority. Due consideration of equity. • Flexibility in accomodating national conditions. Mitigation and adaptation differentiation. • CDM projects with SD impacts. • Mainstreaming of adaptation. • Finance including flexible inter-governmental approaches and private finance. • Capacity sthrengtening for Asian negotiatos and NGO’s.

23. Cross-cutting Conclusions • Mitigation policies have to be framed in the context of SD. • Large growth in energy consumption is expected. Due to energy security and costs this can imply increasing CO2 intensity of energy consumption. • GHG emission reduction policies need special consideration beyond baseline issues. • Energy access and affordability issues are to be integral elements.

24. Cross-cutting Conclusions • Climate change impacts already today influence major development priorities. • Very limited information and capacities are available for mainstreaming. • Mainstreaming need to be anchored in EIA and national planning, integrated in project implementation now. • SD framework is still not deeveloped as a framework that can be used in international climate cooperation despite various attempts are done by SD-PAM’s, Asian dialogues and other initiatives.

25. Proposed New Activities • Link SD and Climate scenarios with stabilisation scenarios and future international scenario work.

26. Proposed Activities, Continued….. • Integrate adaptation and mitigation studies: • Methodological framework. • Case examples on agriculture/energy, water/agriculture, energy/agriculture, biomass etc. • Emphasis social impact analysis e.g. using household expenditure data and time series. • Integrated local environmental impacts and health issues. • Address key energy sector issues including: • Energy security. • Finance. • The future role of coal and renewable energy. • Draw general conclusions about replicability of case study lessons. • Link to international climate policy regimes.