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C limate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

C limate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management. Module 4. Climate Change and Water Resources. Sub-module 1. Outline of lecture. 1.0 Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes 1.1 Global Environmental Change & Water 1.2 Urban Water Resources (UWR) - The Global and Urban Water Cycles

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C limate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

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  1. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management Module 4

  2. Climate Change and Water Resources Sub-module 1

  3. Outline of lecture 1.0Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes 1.1 Global Environmental Change & Water 1.2 Urban Water Resources (UWR) - The Global and Urban Water Cycles 1.3 Urban Water Infrastructure (UWI) 1.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources & Infrastructure 1.5 Climate Change Impacts on Urban Water Infrastructure (UWI) 1.6 Climate Change Impacts on Urban Sanitation Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  4. Outline of lecture 1.7 Climate Change Impacts on Urban Sanitation (Mitigation and Adaptation) 1.8 Climate Change Adaptive Urban Water Planning 1.9 Infrastructural Adaptation 1.10 Technological aspects of Storm Water Management 1.11 Land use Planning and Climate Change 1.12 Conclusions & Recommendations 1.13 Case Study: Cities with special water needs –Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico City) 1.14 Suggestions for Practical work – Student-Led Learning Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  5. Course Objectives • To provide an overview of the impact of climate change on the whole water cycle, urban sustainability and public health. • To help participants learn methods and tools of assessing the impacts of predicted climate change on their water resources and the urban cycle. • To provide an inventory of mitigatory and adaptive measures (including structural and non-structural measures) related to climate change and urban water management. • To help participants learn how to integrate mitigatory & adaptive methods in spatial planning decisions. • To inspire the learners to work at the local level and promote community participation Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  6. Learning Outcomes • Participants would be able to acquire proper understanding of different components of the urban water cycle. • Understand the impacts and assess the outcome of projected climate change on the urban water cycle. • Participants to be able to discuss how climate change affects water demand and supply under different spatial and temporal scenarios. • Understand integrated climate change urban water management techniques and approaches available to different stakeholders (local & national governments; utility companies & local communities). Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  7. Global Environmental Change & Water Global environmental change: population, urbanization, and climate • World Population growth – 2030 (66%) • Urbanization change by 2030 (276%). • Greater frequency of extreme weather events • Sea level rise (1-5m) , 4% of world urban area impacted Global sea-level rise IS92a scenario (from IPCC, 2007). Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  8. Basic Concepts of Climate Change • Predicted climate change: • Temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, air humidity, etc. • Projected temperature and precipitation changes are most cited. • Consequences on the physical and human environment. • Climate change models projection for 2100: • Global temperatures will rise by about 1.4 – 7oC. • Global precipitation will increase while some areas are predicted to experience reductions with variations at the local and regional scale Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  9. Basic Concepts of Climate Change • Global climate change models hide local and regional realities. Variations influenced by following: • Topography, population concentration, urbanization, • Industrial activities • Water bodies etc. • These will all affect the urban H2O Cycle. • Variables - factored into climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. • Effective adaptation or mitigation requires partnership among experts: - • Planning; climate; demographic & hydrological experts • Model developers Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  10. Urban Water Resources (UWR) – The global and urban water • The global water/hydrological cycle – natural cyclical path of water. • Description of the cycle: • Precipitation → surface and ground water flow → water bodies → evaporation → Precipitation. • Vegetation extracts ground water into the atmosphere through transpiration. • Atmospheric water vapour condenses resulting in precipitation again. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  11. The Global Water Cycle Source: Miller, 1996, p.117 Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  12. The urban water Cycle • Urban water cycle part of the global water cycle described. Man-made water cycle – human interference. • Humans interventions: reservoirs, network of piped water. • Piped water uses : domestic, outdoor, public services, commercial and industry. • By-product: urban waste water, sewage and storm water. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  13. The urban water Cycle Source: Marsalek et al., 2006, p.3 Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  14. Services provided by the urban water cycle Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  15. Water Sources Related to the Urban Water Cycle • Atmospheric supply: various forms of precipitation • Linear sources: springs, stream and rivers • Water bodies: lakes, reservoirs, seas, oceans, wetlands • Underground water: aquifers and subterranean flows • These water sources do not operate in isolation. • climate change & planning: - consideration of the hydrological system as a whole. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  16. Urban Water Infrastructure (UWI) UWI contains critical facilities, including drinking water supply and flood management Tokyo transport & storm water management infrastructures (Source: Bobylev, 2005) Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  17. Urban Water Infrastructure (UWI) Central areas of big cities possess quite significant utility infrastructure. Usually, the biggest share by volume is related to water infrastructure. Source: International Tunneling Association Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  18. Urban Water Infrastructure (UWI) Length of utility networks under major roads in central Tokyo Source: Matsumoto, 2005 Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  19. Impacts of climate change on water resources & Infrastructure - Global impacts • Global sea-level rise → saline water intrusion into urban coastal aquifers. • Decreased surface runoff, streams and river flows in some areas. • Elsewhere, increased precipitation or extreme rainfall events → floods. • Dry climates → falling reservoir levels and ground water table → reduced water supply. • Increased temperatures → higher bacterial activity and algal boom affecting water quality. • Increased precipitation → erosion and sedimentation of reservoirs → poor water quality. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  20. Regional Impacts • Global climate change models hide regional variations. • Downscaling to regional models aid climate change planning. • Projected precipitation will vary with different climatic regions. • Precipitation is projected as follows: • Increase in the high latitudes. • Increased winter precipitation → increased stream and river flows. • Reduction in spring and summer precipitation → low flows. • Increase in many equatorial and tropical regions. • Increased urban water supply but water quality challenge. • Increase mid-latitudes, sub-tropical, arid and semi-arid temperatures. • Hence reduced precipitation cutting down urban water supply. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  21. Regional Impacts • Climate Change in Europe: • Regional Climate Model (RegCM3): • Changes until 2071-2100 relative to 1961-1990 Changes in mean annual precipitation Changes in mean temperature Source: Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences IWHW-BOKU, Vienna. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  22. Regional Impacts • Example: Hydrological Changes in an Alpine Basin • Discharge changing at time, from 2 RCMs Source: Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences IWHW-BOKU, Vienna Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  23. Regional Impacts Climate change impacts on urban water infrastructure (UWI) Climate change impacts on UWI (summary) Source: Bobylev, 2009, 2011 Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  24. Climate change impacts on UWI Source: Bobylev, 2009, 2011 Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  25. Climate change impacts on urban sanitation • Impact of high temperatures & reduced water supply • Reduction of water availability for the flushing of urban water system toilets. • Decrease of water supply for domestic use, household and public hygiene. • Poor domestic/public sanitation and water supply will affect human health. • Increase of water borne diseases due to inadequate supply of portable water, hence increased mortality. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  26. Climate change impacts on urban sanitation • Increased heavy precipitation will result in: • Possible overflow of sewage systems and pit toilets; increasing urban vulnerability to disease outbreak e.g. cholera, etc. • The likelihood of increased mortality as a result of disease outbreak and the presence of pathogens. • Urban slums inhabitants with inadequate sanitation will be the most vulnerable. • Increased run off, urban floods, transportation of sediments, detritus and solid waste into the urban area will affect the quality of the urban environment increasing cost and effort in urban cleanness. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  27. Climate change impacts on urban sanitation(Mitigation and Adaptation) • Proactive urban planning should exclude potentially floodable areas from proposed developments. • Use appropriate buffer zones, national, state, regional and local guidelines to guide developments. • Alternative water supply should be sourced and reserved to mitigate crisis of water shortage (Section ….) • Urban population sensitization and education on: • Sustainable use of water • Water conservation and alternative water sources • Urban sanitation • Flood/drought mitigation and adaptation • Urban domestic & public hygiene Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  28. Climate change adaptive urban water planning • Impacts on urban water cycle requires strategic and sustainable planning. • Strategic involves long-term strategies for integrated water management. • Requires synergies among different urban management, reducing conflicts. • Includes integrated (holistic) management of water cycle components. • Suggested adaptation planning methods listed in Loftus et al. (2011). • Includes, among others, infrastructural, economic and environmental adaptation. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  29. Infrastructural adaptation Outlook for UWI in the context of global change • Uncertainties related to local weather changes • Example prolonged periods of droughts and subsequent heavy showers could necessitate the following: • Construction of additional UWI to preserve fresh water • More conduits or discharge systems to prevent flooding. • Uncertainty in UWI technology to solve current problems. • An example: vacuum sewerage – but break through when? Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  30. Infrastructural adaptation Vulnerability Does infrastructure vulnerability significantly increase city vulnerability? • Example, UUI is vulnerable to floods, and putting many services underground can bring a city to a halt in the event of an emergency). Tokyo underwater car parking project, entrance into Tokyo metro Source: Bobylev, 2005 Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  31. Infrastructural adaptation UWI adaptation to climate change (to extreme weather events) A storm water storage tank (right) adjacent to a sewer (left). Source: Berliner Wasserbetriebe and Department of Urban Water Management, Berlin Institute of Technology. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  32. Infrastructural adaptation A vertical groove for installing a water barrier at the entrances to underground stations in Tokyo, Japan (left); and a flood barrier in Venice, Italy (right) - Source: Nikolai Bobylev, 2005. UWI adaptation to climate change (to extreme weather events) Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  33. Technological aspects of storm water management Helping cities to adapt to climate change: UWI opportunities and UWR management Critical infrastructure: G-Cans, Tokyo is an underground infrastructure for prevention of flooding during rainy season Source: G-Cans project, Tokyo (http://www.g-cans.jp/) Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  34. Technological aspects of storm water management Critical infrastructure: G-Cans, Tokyo is an underground infrastructure for prevention of flooding during rainy season Source: G-Cans project, Tokyo (http://www.g-cans.jp/) Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  35. Technological aspects of storm water management • Land use – surface runoff? • Energy to operate – electricity? • Embodied energy for construction – CO2 – mitigation? Critical infrastructure: G-Cans, Tokyo is an underground infrastructure for prevention of flooding during rainy season Sustainability – Adaptation dilemma: Source: G-Cans project, Tokyo (http://www.g-cans.jp/) Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  36. Land use planning Changes in land use may increase vulnerability to floods Source: Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences IWHW-BOKU, Vienna. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  37. Land use planning Source: Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences IWHW-BOKU, Vienna. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  38. Conclusions & Recommendations • Adaptation planning best prepared when modelled at regional and local levels. • Urban water cycle management should integrate all stakeholders. • This builds synergy, enhances knowledge sharing, and reduces conflicts. • Planning urban water cycle management for the future should be holistic, including all components of the urban water cycle including supply sources and waste water management. • Urban water companies/departments should partner with various experts. • Urban water planning should be strategic and consider UMI. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  39. Case Study: Cities with special water needs – Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico City) Overview Latin America and the Caribbean • Urban population expected to grow to 609 million by 2030. • Already the world’s most urbanized developing region. • More than 80% of the population living in towns and cities. • Vulnerable to observed and projected impacts of climate change. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  40. Climate change and the water sector in Latin America and the Caribbean • Melting glaciers in the Andean mountain chain, impacts: • Reduced capacity for hydropower generation. • Unsteady downstream water flow for agriculture and water supply. • Higher ocean temperatures and a sea level rise will result in: • Severe coral reef retreat and salinization of coastal wetlands. • More frequent and intense hurricanes are predicted for the Caribbean and Central America. • Will pose major threats to livelihoods and infrastructure. Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  41. Climate change and the water sector in Latin America and the Caribbean Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  42. Example: The mega-basin of Mexico City Problem associated with the urban water cycle • Over extraction • Subsidence • Droughts • Floods • Land cover and surface runoff Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  43. Observed and projected impacts of climate change • Mexico City is now over-exploiting its water resources • Situation expected to be aggravated by climate change • By 2020 precipitation could fall by 5%, temperatures may rise by 1.2 degrees • By 2030 available water will diminish by 11.2 % • Water volume extracted in 2007 = 59.5 m3/s, almost three times of the basin’s natural recharge rate • Floods are the main disaster for 70 % of municipalities Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  44. Suggestions for Practical work – Student-led learning Climate Change And Urban Water Cycle Management

  45. Rosemary Awuor-Hayangah (Ph.D) Njoya Silas Ngetar (Ph.D) Nikolai Bobylev (Ph.D) NadjetAroua (Ph.D) KhatanbaatarAltantuul (Ph.D) For more information, visit: www.unhabitat.org/UNI

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