Lesson Four

1. Lesson Four A Drink in the Passage

2. I. Video Show II. Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country

4. IV.Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country Cry, The Beloved Country is the famous African novel by Alan Paton. The story follows the journey a minister, who travels to the big city in search of his prodigal son. Cry, the Beloved Country is said to have been inspired (or influenced) by In a Province (1934). Alan Paton started the novel in 1946, and the book was finally published in 1948. Here are some famous lines from Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton.

5. IV.Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country “One day in Johannesburg, and already the tribe was being rebuilt, the house and soul being restored.”—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 6 “In a land of fear this incorruptibility is like a lamp set upon a stand, giving light to all that are in the house.”—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 22

6. IV.Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country “I have learned that kindness and love can pay for pain and suffering.”—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 30 “But when the dawn will come, of our emancipation, from the fear of bondage and the bondage of fear, why, that is a secret.”—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 35 “Nothing is ever quiet, except for fools.”—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 26

7. IV.Famous Lines from Cry, the Beloved Country “It is not permissible to add to one’s possessions if these things can only be done at the cost of other men. Such development has only one true name, and that is exploitation.”—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 20 “The truth is, our civilization is not Christian; it is a tragic compound of great ideal and fearful practice, of loving charity and fearful clutching of possessions.”—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 21

8. Author • His Works • Apartheid

9. Author Alan Paton (1903-1988) “I do not like to mention itBut there is a voice I cannot silence.” —Paton Paton, craggy old liberal, hater of and hated by apartheid, loved and unloved by the ANC, famous for Cry, the Beloved Country. To be continued on the next page.

10. Author Alan Paton was born in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. He started his career by teaching  at a school in Ixopo. The dramatic career change to director of a reformatory for black youths at Diepkloof, near Johannesburg, had a profound effect on his thinking. The publication of Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) made him one of South Africa’s best known writers, and by the time he died, it had sold over 15 million copies. Following his non-racial ideals, he helped to found the South African Liberal Party and became its president.

11. His Works Cry, the Beloved CountryPerhaps the most famous novel to come out of South Africa, Paton’s 1948 work brought to the notice of the world the dilemmas of ordinary South Africans living under an oppressive system, one which threatened to destroy their very humanity. Informed by Paton’s Christian and liberal beliefs, the novel tells of a rural Zulu parson’s heart-breaking search for his son, who has been drawn into the criminal underworld of the city. Cry, the Beloved Country has sold millions of copies around the world. To be continued on the next page.

12. III. Apartheid South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the 17th century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940’s, when the To be continued on the next page.

13. III. Apartheid Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 1960s, a plan of “Grand Apartheid” was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression. To be continued on the next page.

14. III. Apartheid With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of “white-only” jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent). The coloured category included To be continued on the next page.

15. III. Apartheid major subgroups of Indians and Asians. Classification into these categories was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. Non-compliance with the race laws were dealt with harshly. All blacks were required to carry “pass books” containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas. In 1953, the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act were passed, which empowered the government to declare stringent states of To be continued on the next page.

16. III. Apartheid emergency and increased penalties for protesting against or supporting the repeal of a law. The penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings. In 1960, a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their passes; the government declared a state of emergency. The emergency lasted for 156 days, leaving 69 people dead and 187 people wounded. Wielding the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, To be continued on the next page.

17. III. Apartheid the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of apartheid. The penalties imposed on political protest, even non-violent protest, were severe. During the states of emergency which continued intermittently until 1989, anyone could be detained without a hearing by a low-level police official for up to six months. Thousands of individuals died in custody, frequently after gruesome acts of torture. Those who were To be continued on the next page.

18. III. Apartheid triedwere sentenced to death, banished, or imprisoned for life, like Nelson Mandela. The apartheid policy was highly effective of achieving its goal of preferential treatment for whites, as is demonstrated by the statistics in Figure 1. To be continued on the next page.

19. III. Apartheid

20. Plot: a well-educated black finds himself cordially invited to split a bottle with a white man in the passage of the latter’s apartment building Setting: social setting: Apartheid South Africa in 1960 story setting: in the passage Protagonists: “I”—the black sculptor Writing techniques: go to Writing Devices Theme of the story: go to the next page

21. Theme The story tells us how racial prejudice can prevent us reaching, touching and connecting with each other. This invisible wall exists between the white and the black and hampers their free communication and full understanding. It is not just a wall imposed by apartheid laws, but a wall deeply rooted in their hearts.

22. Structure Against what background and from whom the story comes Part 1 (Paras. 1-6 ) about: Part 2 (Paras. 7-76) about: How the story goes

23. Point of View the first person point of view Now observe the following sentences carefully. What is the focus of narration? Then one night I was working late at the Herald, and when I came out there was hardly anyone in the streets, so I thought I’d go and see the window, and indulge certain pleasurable human feelings. I must have got a little lost in the contemplation of my own genius, because suddenly there was a young white man standing next to me. (Para. 9)

24. Point of View Do you know what the other types of narration are? What is point of view? Point of view signifies the way a story gets told—the mode (or modes) established by an author by means of which the reader is presented with the characters, dialogue, actions, setting, and events which constitute the narrative in a work of fiction.

25. The first person point of view What is the first person point of view? This narrative mode limits the matter of the narrative to what the first-person narrator knows, experiences, infers, or can find out by talking to other characters. We distinguish between the narrative “I” who is only a fortuitous witness and auditor of the matters he relates (Marlow in Heart of Darkness); or who is a participant, but only a minor or peripheral one, in the story (Nick in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby); or who is himself or herself the central character in the story (Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre).

26. Flashback Do you know what flashback means? Now study the following paragraph. What is the function of it? He said to me. “This is the second cognac I’ve had in my life. Would you like to hear the story of how I had my first?” (Para. 6) This paragraph serves to introduce a flashback.

27. Flashback Can you come up with a story told in a flashback? What is flashback? Flashbacks are interpolated narratives or scenes (often justified, or naturalized, as a memory, a reverie, or a confession by one of the characters) which represent events that happened before the time at which the work opened. Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1949) and Ingmar Bergman’s film Wild Strawberries make persistent and skillful use of this device.

28. Figurative Language • metaphor • simile& alliteration • simile Now study the following sentences and tell us what figurative speech is used in each and how it contributes to the expressive effect of the language. 1. It’s also the first time I’ve drunk a brandy so slowly. In Orlando you develop a throat of iron. (Para.5) 2. He sat slumped in his seat, like a man with a burden of incomprehensible, insoluble grief. (Para. 75) 3. What he was thinking, God knows, but I was thinking he was like a man trying to run a race in iron shoes, and not understanding why he cannot move. (Para. 75)

29. abreast a-: in, on, at, by, with, to prefix • 着火，燃烧 • 并肩，并排，并列 • 在国外，到国外 • 向前，在前头 • 在一边 ablaze abreast abroad ahead aside

30. root expel ex-: out prefix 排斥，排外 展出，揭露 抽出，拔出 挖出，发掘 赶出，逐出 exclude expose extract excavate expel

31. incomprehensible in-: not prefix 不能理解的，难懂的 说不出的，不能言喻的 （问题等）不能解决的 无可争辩的，无可置疑的 无人性的；非人的 不好客的，不殷勤的 不和谐的，不合调的 incomprehensible inarticulate insoluble indisputable inhuman inhospitable inharmonious

32. root expel pel: to push, to drive prefix 强迫，被迫，迫使 消除，驱散，赶走 开除，驱逐，赶走 迫使，驱使 推进，推动 推进器，螺旋桨 击退，使厌恶，抵制 compel dispel expel impel propel propeller repel

33. avert root vert: to turn prefix avert revert divert convert pervert invert introvert extrovert subvert 转移（目光，思想等），防止 使颠倒，使回转，回复 转移，转向 变换，转变 反常 使颠倒，使转化，转化的 使内向，内省，内向性格的人 外向性格的人 推翻，颠覆