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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. The Age of Religious Wars. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). Catholics v. Huguenots (Calvinists) Catherine de Medicis v. the Guises Political/Social/Religious Thought. Introduction & Background. 1 st ½ 16 th Century—Central Europe Lutherans

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 The Age of Religious Wars

  2. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Catholics v. Huguenots (Calvinists) Catherine de Medicis v. the Guises Political/Social/Religious Thought

  3. Introduction & Background • 1st ½ 16th Century—Central Europe Lutherans • 2nd ½ 16th Century—Western Europe Calvinists • Peace of Augsburg—Lutherans & HRE Cuius regio eius religio

  4. Calvinists Presbyterian Church boards represent individual churchES Restrained art Wren Rembrandt Roman Catholic Episcopal Hierarchical PopePriest One King/One Church/ One Law Baroque art Rubens Bernini IMPORTANT!

  5. Popepriest • One King/One Church/One Law • Baroque art • Rubens • Bernini

  6. *French—Anti Protestant(until Henry IV)*Francis I captured by Charles V(curry favor & releasedprotestant persecution)*Shift in power from France to Spain*Internal conflict—3 families

  7. Guise • Strongest • Militant Catholicism • Firm control • Connection to crown through Francis II wife—Mary Stuart(we’ll learn about her later) • you can’t swing a dead cat in Europe without hitting somebody’s royal relative!

  8. Bourbon • Huguenot (Protestant) for political reasons • Louis I (Conde) –political leaders of French protestant resistance • Eventually rises to top (Louis XIV, etc)

  9. Montmorency-Chatillon • Huguenot (Protestant) for political reasons • Coligny—political leader of French protestant resistance

  10. Appeal--Huguenots: • Many aristocrats and townspeople joined the Huguenots in opposition to Guise-dominated French monarchy. • Indirectly served forces of political decentralization.

  11. 1561 – more than 2,000 Huguenot congregations existed • 1/15 total population • Majority of population in: • Dauphine • Languedoc • Over 2/5 aristocracy became Huguenots

  12. Calvin & Beza curried favor w/ aristocrats • Beza - Converted Jeanne d’Albert, future mother to Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) • Calvinism used as aids to achieve long-sought political goals • Benefited both political & religious dissidents

  13. Calvinism gave political resistance justification & inspiration, and the forces of political resistance made Calvinism a viable religious alternative in Catholic France.KOT 391

  14. Religious conviction was neither the only nor always the main reason for becoming a Calvinist in France in the second half of the 16th century. KOT 391

  15. Catherine de Médicis and the Guises

  16. Who was Catherine? • Florence 1519-Blois 1589 • Power behind the throne 3 sons • Francis II (r. 1559-1560) • Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) • Henry III (r. 1574-1589)

  17. January Edict • 1562 • Influenced by Beza & Coligny • Granted protestants freedom to worship publicly outside town and hold synods

  18. However…. • March 1562 • Duke of Guise ordered massacre of a Protestant congregation • Beginning of French wars of Revolution

  19. Protestants—fear of annihilation • International measure of struggle • Hesse & Palatinate fought w/ Huguenots • 1st war (1562-1563) Duke of Guise assassinated • 2nd war (1567-1568)resumption of hostilities • 3rd war (Sept 1568-Aug 1570) BLOODIEST of all conflicts

  20. 3rd war • Condè was killed • Leadership was passed to Colignya blessing in disguise • Colignybetter military strategist

  21. Peace of Saint-Germain-En-Laye • Ended the 3rd war • The crown acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility • Granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities

  22. Catherine…. • Plot w/ Guise faction to assassinate Coligny??? • Coligny struck (not killed) by assassin’s bullet • Fear King’s reaction to her complicity & Huguenot response to assassination attempt

  23. Peace? Yeah, right! • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • 24 August 1572—Paris • Coligny & 3,000 Huguenots butchered • 20,000 slaughtered in next 3 days throughout France • Pope Gregory II & Philip II (Spain) celebrated—why? • France internal civil war no French resistance in Netherlands

  24. Catherine? • NOT a politique • Uneven balance between Catholics & Huguenots • Wanted CATHOLIC France • Thwart Guise attempt at domination

  25. 6º of separation • Catherine flip-flopped • Bourbon faction grew in influence • Called on Guise to suppress Protestant support

  26. International concerns • REAL FEAR: • Louis of Nassau—Netherlands—Protestant • Coligny influenced King Charles IX • Invade Netherlands  assist protestants • FRANCE v. SPAIN Controlled Netherlands

  27. Meanwhile • Henry III (r1574-1589) • Steer course between 2 factions • Catholic League • Vengeful Huguenots • Therefore: gain support from moderates in both • Save France—compromise religious creeds • POLITIQUE

  28. The Peace of Beaulieu • May 1576 • “Granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom” • Less than seven months later, the Catholic League objected!! • In order to maintain his political power, it was necessary for Henry III to revoke the Peace of Beaulieu in October 1577.

  29. Results of the Peace of Beaulieu • After the Peace of Beaulieu • Protestants and the Catholics resumed a policy of military political resistance. • In opposition to Henry III • Catholic League assumed total power in Paris, with the help of Spain.

  30. The Day of Barricades • Henry III launched a “surprise attack” against the Catholic League in Paris in 1588. • The attack failed miserably, and Henry was forced to retreat.

  31. Assassination • The king’s position was seriously weakened, so he resorted to a drastic tactic: assassination. • He “plotted” the assassination of the duke and the cardinal of Guise. • Henry’s plot was successful. • Led by yet another member of the Guise family, the Catholic League revolted angrily.

  32. Henry III forms an alliance Henry of Navarre • April 1589 • Weakened by the Catholic League, Henry III had only one remaining option: to join the Protestant Huguenots, who were led by Henry of Navarre.

  33. Henry of Navarre—Henry IV • Henry III murdered by Dominican monk • Heir to French throne by marriage to Henry III’s sister Margaret • PROTESTANT—oh NO! Say is ain’t so!! • Philip II & Pope panic • POLITIQUE • “Paris is worth a mass” • Protestant AND Catholic

  34. The Reign of Henry of Navarre • Henry of Navarre was well-liked and supported by the French people. • On July 25, 1593, he denounced Protestantism and officially “embraced” Catholicism. • He hoped that tolerant Catholicism would politically unite France. • The majority of the French people and church supported Henry’s decision. (They wanted unity too!)

  35. In 1596... • The Catholic League was “dispersed.” • The Catholic League’s ties with Spain were broken. • The French Religious wars came to an end.

  36. Edict of Nantes--1598 • Formal religious settlement • France – officially CATHOLIC • Recognize & SANCTION minority religious rights • Public worship/right to assemble/admission to public offices & universities/maintain fortified towns • TRUCE—however, distrust/cold war • Henry IV—laid groundwork for absolute monarchy

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