Bone Regeneration

1. Bone Regeneration Done by: Tan Wen Liang

2. Introduction • Bone possess the great ability to regenerate as part of the repair process in response to injury, growth, which is skeletal development, as well as continuous remodellingthroughout our life • Bone loss is a major health care problem worldwide and it represents 10% of annual health care expenditures.

3. Introduction • Bones are a mineral reservoir in our bodies, whereby endocrine systems regulate the level of calcium and phosphate ions in the circulating body fluids. • Bones support the body to keep it upright and plays an important role to us. • Bone is a dynamic tissue

4. Bone Structure • Bones’ structures can be altered or affected by genetic, metabolic and mechanical factors • Some bones are meant to support weight, such as the femur, which is a hollow and thick-walled tubes • Other bones which are broad and flat, such as the scapula, to anchor large muscles masses

5. Bone structure • All bones consist of a basic double structure, which consists of the cortex, the outer layer, and the cancellous bone on the interior

6. Cortex Bone • Smooth, dense and continous • Protects the cancellous bone on the inside

7. Cancellous Bone • Cancellous bone is arranged in a network of intersecting plates and spicules varying in amount and enclosing spaces. • These bones are filled with blood vessels and marrow, either red or yellow

8. Bone renewal • Firstly, the bone will grow, together with the body • After growth completion, the bone will start remodeling • There will be a coordinated cycle of tissue resorption and formation over extensive regions of bone and prolonged periods, without affecting the shape and density of the bones

9. Bone renewal • There will be physical remodelling, removal, and replacement of bone during one’s life • Due to these remodelling, bones are able to be repaired up easily to a size called the critical defects, which is defined as defects that will not heal in a person’s or animal’s lifetime

10. Bone renewal • Thus, this is where human has to step in and help to stimulate and help the healing

11. Bone regeneration (causes) • Fracture healing • Large bone defects caused by: - trauma - infection - tumor resection - skeletal abnormalities (rare)

12. Nano-enhanced cell regeneration and gene therapy • Discovered by researches at Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland • A new way to repair bones by combining synthetic bone graft substitution material and gene therapy • Tricks cells in the body to produce more bone producing proteins (BMPs), and encouraging the regrowth of healthy bone tissue

13. Nano-enhanced cell regeneration and gene therapy • It uses a unique platform, made from collagen and nano-sized particles of hydroxyapatite, to attract the cells to the damaged area and regenerate large area of bones that have been lost due to disease or trauma

14. Older clinical approaches • Other ways: • autologous bone grafts • allografts • bone-graft substitutes • Masquelet technique

15. Limitations of older approaches • controversial reports on its effectiveness and their cost-effectiveness • no heterologous or synthetic bone substitutes available previously that is better than or even have the same biological or mechanical properties compared with bone of the human body

16. bibliography • http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/9/66/ • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19941457 • http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/07/a-few-days-in-nanomedicine-regeneration.html