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Regeneration Methods

Regeneration Methods. AG-FS-6. Students will demonstrate an understanding of forest regeneration principles and practices. a. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of natural and artificial regeneration for pine and hardwoods.

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Regeneration Methods

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  1. Regeneration Methods AG-FS-6. Students will demonstrate an understanding of forest regeneration principles and practices. a. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of natural and artificial regeneration for pine and hardwoods. b. Select the proper species, site, and spacing of trees for maximum growth and yield. c. Identify the procedure to follow when ordering seedlings. d. Determine the optimum planting date for specific sites and explain how to handle and store the seedling properly. e. Demonstrate the proper planting procedure. f. Evaluate the results of planting.

  2. Why regenerate forests? • Regeneration- replanting or reproducing forest plants • Each person in U.S. uses forest products that would require the harvest of a 100’ x 21” tree • Takes 60-80 years to grow a tree 100 feet tall • Important that we replant tress that have been harvested or destroyed by fire, insects, disease or blow downs to have an adequate timber supply • Trees clean air, buffer noise, provide wildlife habitat, protect the soil from erosion, protect watersheds and give oxygen

  3. Regeneration Statistics • Over 2 million acres are planted in tree each year in U.S. • Private landowners plant 90% of these acres • Southern States plant 80% of the total • Georgia is top tree planting state • 1. GA • 2. Miss • 3. Al • 4. Fl • 5. Tx • 6. Or • 7. La • 9. Wa • 10. Ar

  4. Assistance for Regeneration • Programs available to help landowners replant trees • Cost-share programs • FLEP (Forest Land Enhancement Program) • WHIP (Wildlife Habitat Improvement Program) • EQIP (Environmental Quality Incentive Program) • Reserve Programs • WRP (Wetland Reserve Program) • CRP (Conservation Reserve Program)

  5. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of natural and artificial regeneration for pine and hardwoods. • Natural Reforestation • Seed tree- most popular method for natural regeneration • Trees are left to reseed the area • With 14” DBH, can use 6-8 trees per acre • With trees 10-14” DBH, need to leave at least 10-12 trees per acre • Should be evenly distributed over area • Disadvantages: • Hard to get a logger to come back for such a light volume of wood • May lose the trees to lightning or disease before stand reaches cutting size

  6. Shelterwood • Leave from 25-60 or more tree per acre • Prove good source of seed and shelter to encourage natural pine regeneration • Disadvantage: reduces your harvest volume and income spreading them over at least two cutting cycles • Must control under story vegetation by using herbicides and fire at least 5 years prior to making the shelterwood cut • Must select the best quality trees to leave - straight, disease free and seed producing • Trees to be left need to be marked during the initial cutting operation • Once the stand has been established and the shelterwood trees are ready to be cut, make sure logger does not tear up and destroy the young trees that have seeded in

  7. All Age Management • Not used much in pine management • Consists of cutting selected trees or small bunches of trees throughout the stand • As these trees are seeded in and well established, then another round of mature trees can be cut • System works best with loblolly but can be used with other pine species • Big advantage is that you can make harvest cuts on a regular schedule and cut the largest and oldest trees and still maintain an active growing stand • Big disadvantage: you make a lot of small cuts which are difficult to get loggers to do and you have log very carefully to protect trees

  8. Planting Wild Seedlings • Includes digging up and transplanting wild seedlings growing in the woods in a natural state • Uneconomical and inefficient • Could be used for planting hardwood trees like persimmon or crabapple around food plots

  9. Direct Seeding • Sowing tree seeds (instead of planting seedlings) to establish stands of trees • Effective and successful when performed under proper conditions • Advantages • Direct seeded pines grow as well as planted pine seedlings at the same age • Large areas (over 500 acres) can be seeded by hand, airplane, cyclone spreader or grain drill • Establishment cost for the stand is usually lower than planted seedlings • Cutover sites can be replanted for ½-1/3 the cost of planting seedlings

  10. Factors affecting direct seeding success • Vegetative cover • Often keeps seed from reaching the mineral soil which interferes with germination • Herbicide applications or Prescribed burning of some planting areas is the normal method used to reduce excessive vegetation and hardwood growth • usually done in spring prior to seeding • Sometimes the areas is discedbefore seeding • Soil moisture • Affects germination of seed and growth of seedlings • Insufficient moisture following planting will result in a high mortality rate of the seedlings

  11. Birds and Rodents • Consume the seed for food • Seeds must be treated with a bird and rodent repellant before being broadcast • Seed stratification • Needed on all species of pines except longleaf • Involves exposing the seeds to cold to help them overcome the dormancy prior to planting • Improves the percent and speed of germination • Use only seeds with 80% germination or higher

  12. Guidelines for direct seeding • Use seed treated with a bird, mammal and insect repellent • Use seeds that have been stratified for 46-60 days in moist conditions at 36-40 degrees F • Sow seeds in early spring after an inch or more of rain • Broadcast .5-.8 pound of seed per acre • A survival check should be done at the end of the first and second growing season

  13. Planting Nursery Grown Seedlings • Over 1.6 billion seedlings were produced and shipped by tree nurseries • GA is the leading state in producing nursery grown seedlings • Advantages of Nursery Grown Seedlings • Most certain method of acquiring a good stand of trees • Close control of stocking rate • Uniform stands • Erosion control • Time to maturity is less • Disadvantages • Higher investment cost • Seedling survival

  14. Advantages of Natural Regeneration • Low cost establishment • Less labor and equipment required • No problem with local seed origin • Good early root development • Less visual impact compared to clear cut • Less soil erosion

  15. Disadvantages of natural regeneration • Less control of spacing and stocking • Generally lower yield • No genetic improvement • No disease resistant stock • Possible lag in regeneration due to drought or inadequate seed fall • May need pre-commercial thinning to obtain good growth

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