Drinking In America

1. Drinking In America By: Mason Strange

2. Exposition Statement Drinking is an interwoven aspect of American culture influencing every aspect of society. A constant reminder of American resourcefulness alcohol has gone through many evolutions and refinement over the generations. Hardly noticeable from the frontier mash that pioneers ran through their homemade stills, drinking in America has become a multibillion-dollar industry catering to a plethora of tastes. Always with detractors, movements have arisen time and time again attempting to regulate the American consumption of alcohol. Temperance movements take many forms from the more to less extreme variety with numerous ways to limit the affect of drinking on the physical and moral health of society. Despite changing laws and customs the American desire to drink has never waned always finding innovative ways to ensure survival. Drinking survived because it acts as a staple of the American social life, a tool to bring people together under common cause to spend time and socialize. As America has struggled with the place of drinking within society, it has never forgotten the roots of innovation and culture at the bottom of the bottle.

3. Porcelain Punch Bowl1780 pintrest.com Used to mix rum with other ingredients at social gatherings. Punchbowls became a symbol of the gentile, where bowls would be especially made for punch. Most colonist consumed massive amounts of alcohol in this time requiring and ample supply at any social event. Indicative of communal yet structured nature of upper-class drinking in the period as the rules and behavior surrounding alcohol became increasingly regulated. (80) Citation: Kevin T. Barksdale. "Our Rebellious Neighbors: Virginia's Border Counties during Pennsylvania's Whiskey Rebellion." The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 111, no. 1 (2003): 5-32 Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/163396292715276642/

4. Copper Spirits Kettle 1750-1800sColonial Williamsburg With a shortage of British Rum, American colonist turned to a domestic alternative to their liquor needs. Seen as a symbol of colonial independence and often made by Irish and Scottish immigrants on the frontiers, Whiskey became an integral part of the American pallet. The kettle was a necessary part to distilling out the whisky turning corn-rye mash into an easily transported product. An example of American colonist replacing goods relying on an global trade network with easily-accuried domestic alternative. (67) Citation: Thompson, Peter. ""The Friendly Glass": Drink and Gentility in Colonial Philadelphia." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113, no. 4 (1989): 549-73. Source: http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Summer08/whiskey.cfm

5. An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Mind and BodyPublished 1780 (1811 reprinting used)U.S. National Library of Medicine Already engrained into the American culture spirits were being consumed in unsafe quantities. Temperance Groups worked to curtail the harmful effects of alcohol on society. Books like this espoused the negative affects of excessive spirit consumption on the physical and moral health of people. The book considered the first act of temperance only criticized spirits indicating the inability to challenge lesser alcohols such as beer and wine. (67) Citation: Thompson, Peter. ""The Friendly Glass": Drink and Gentility in Colonial Philadelphia." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113, no. 4 (1989): 549-73. Source: https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2569025R-bk

6. Whig Sheet Music The Hard Cider Quick Step1840National Museum of American History The 1840 Whig campaigns were more about the cultivation of a classical American persona. They invoked traditional frontier imagery to this end with log cabins and cider becoming common symbols. Songs such as this latch on to nostalgia to further their message in the form of easilt sung drinking songs. Already associated with America’s rural heritage, the idea of a common cider-drinking candidate swept American emotion all the way to the White House. (74) Citation: Carwardine, Richard. "Evangelicals, Whigs and the Election of William Henry Harrison." Journal of American Studies 17, no. 1 (1983): 47-75. Source: http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_529107

7. Total Abstinence Pledge1845Library of Congress As drinking increased over the years, opposition also increased in the forms of the the Temperance clubs that would hold sway for a few decades. Seeing excess alcohol consumption as the root for most social ills these groups began to preacg total abstinence from intoxicating substances. This nonbinding pledge would be signed by members of the individual temperance society and anyone else to show an opposition to drinking behavior.(69) Citation: Musto, David F. "Alcohol in American History." Scientific American274, no. 4 (1996): 78-83. Source: https://www.loc.gov/collections/broadsides-and-other-printed-ephemera/about-this-collection/

8. Ceramic Jug1826-1829National Museum of American History Whiskey consumption rose dramatically between the 1800s and 1830s with many people drinking it with every meal. This demand required an equally large supply that then had to be transported across the country. Jugs like this often served as the means of transporting medium amounts of whiskey over land and water. It took a lot of work to supply the countries desire for whiskey requiring developed trading routes and systems in place to move large quantities.(76) Citation: Rorabaugh, W. J. "Alcohol in America." OAH Magazine of History6, no. 2 (1991): 17-19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25162814. Source:http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/collection/CE_300894.18.html

9. Anheuser-Busch Brewery1866The Ohio State University After the Civil War temperance sentiments receded replaced by an other wave of enthusiastic drinkers. This influx of customers and new innovations in production led to the rise of the first national brewers and distributers spreading beer at affordable prices all around the country. These breweries would signal an era of mass-consumption with Anheuser-Busch increasing their production by 1,500 percent in the 18 years after constructing their brewery. Alcohol production ramped up enough to handle the new demand for its products. (80) Citation: Stack, Martin. "Local and Regional Breweries in America's Brewing Industry, 1865 to 1920." The Business History Review74, no. 3 (2000): 435-63. Source: https://prohibition.osu.edu/brewing-industry-prohibition/anheuser-1866

10. Temperance Propaganda Cartoon 1904The Ohio State University • Prohibition efforts adopted cartoons with a passion using them as accessible advertisements in newspapers to decry the perceived broken system around alcohol. Calling for political action instead of personal abstinence, the Temperance movement had taken a new form aimed at the legal prohibition of all alcohol. These cartoons still show the reemergence of emotional appeals of the degrading effects of alcohol on society. It was only by the efforts of the party that temperance could happen.(76) Citation: David F. "Alcohol in American History." Scientific American274, no. 4 (1996): 78-83. Source: https://prohibition.osu.edu/prohibition-party-cartoons/cartoon-5

11. Alcohol Prescription1917-1927ATF Reference Library and Archive While the medicinal value of alcohol was all but refuted by prohibition, It still remained an accepted treatment throughout Prohibition. Temperance groups helped promote scientific research to disprove the therapeutic value of alcohol. Despite these attacks and the American Medical Association declaring it had no therapeutic purpose these prescriptions remained in circulation as one of the only legal ways to acquire spirits. They act as a reminder of America’s stubborn refusal to eliminate all legal avenues for drinking. (78) Citation: ZIMMERMAN, JONATHAN. ""When the Doctors Disagree:" Scientific Temperance and Scientific Authority, 1891–1906." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 48, no. 2 (1993): 171-97. Source: https://prohibition.osu.edu/american-prohibition-1920/medicinal-alcohol

12. Budweiser Advertisement 1960swww.vintageadbrowser.com Still recovering from the oppressive hand of prohibition alcohol companies worked on remodeling their image to conform to new perceptions. Ads such as this stressed the relation of drinking to the growing leisure time of post-war America. Alcohol and its consumption was gaining ground as a commercialized product distinct from its home-brewed origins. Ads like this would remain prevalent for decades until new social pressure stigmatized drinking again. (68) Citation: Bloch, Herbert A. "Alcohol and American Recreational Life." The American Scholar 18, no. 1 (1948): 54-66. Source: http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/alcohol-ads-1960s/2

13. Mothers Against Drunk Driving protest1981MAAD.org Representing a new era of temperance movement, MAAD aimed to regulate alcohol to minors in an attempt to reduce incidents of drunk driving. This is another example of temperance through social control as they influenced political parties to pass harsher laws for drunk driving. This is a return to the roots of the temperance movement with a politically focused female led movement much like the first prohibition parties. (68) Citation: Reinarman, Craig. "The Social Construction of an Alcohol Problem: The Case of Mothers against Drunk Drivers and Social Control in the 1980s." Theory and Society 17, no. 1 (1988): 91-120 Source: https://www.madd.org/history/

14. Daiquiri Ingredients(modern representations)1940swww.thespruceeats.com Cocktails took precedence in American drinking habits as American looked to “get there faster” with the least amount of alcohol. With wartime rations in place domestic and imported alcohols became rarer, except for rum as FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy encouraging trade with Latin America. This increase in rum led to the popularization of the daiquiri with its simple recipe but good taste would exemplify the pre-war American pallet. (68) Citation: Bloch, Herbert A. "Alcohol and American Recreational Life." The American Scholar 18, no. 1 (1948): 54-66. Source: https://www.thespruceeats.com/classic-daiquiri-recipe-759294

15. New Belgium Brewery(Ft. Collins, Colorado)1991-presentwww.newbelgium.com/brewery/fort-collins America appears to be returning to form with the rise of the small-scale craft breweries. Representing an ever-increasing amount of total alcohol sales, a revolution against the established brands led to the explosion of this sector. A focus on more varied and quality drinks represents the unsatisfied culture wanting experience more than the traditional varieties of beer. These new brands are bringing a more modern approach to traditional American beers while helping to build communities with public events at breweries all around the country. (84) Citation: Carroll, Glenn R., and Anand Swaminathan. "Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U.S. Brewing Industry." American Journal of Sociology 106, no. 3 (2000): 715-62. Source: https://www.newbelgium.com/brewery/fort-collins

16. Happy Hours 2018www.westgateaz.com Combining American habits for a good deal and alcohol consumption the Happy Hour is a unique product of a modern society. Catering to a professional crowd seeking to unwind after work without breaking the bank the Happy Hour facilitates social interaction that may be lacking from the normal work day. With rotating drink deals these events encourage Americans to repeadetly spend their leisure time within the bar. The Happy hour is the representation of classic ideas put into a modern format to appeal to new generations. (67) Citation: Martin, Jack K., Paul M. Roman, and Terry C. Blum. "Job Stress, Drinking Networks, and Social Support at Work: A Comprehensive Model of Employees' Problem Drinking Behaviors." The Sociological Quarterly 37, no. 4 (1996): 579-99.  Source: http://www.westgateaz.com/dine/happy-hour-specials/

17. AA Sobriety Chips2000sTTCCARE.com Alcoholism is less seen as s social deficiency today, instead being seen as a psychological and physical ailment. Opting to give therapy to people instead of condemning them Alcoholics Anonymous works with people to beat their addiction. These chips are a vital and ubiquitous part of that process as a reminder of how far a person has come.This chips represent the latest version that temperance has taken a return of from to the personal temperance practiced byu some colonial Quakers. (81) Citation: Musto, David F. "Alcohol in American History." Scientific American274, no. 4 (1996): 78-83. Source: https://ttccare.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ttcCare-AAChipsGuide.jpg

18. Bibliography • Bloch, Herbert A. "Alcohol and American Recreational Life." The American Scholar 18, no. 1 (1948): 54-66. (Used this source for an overview of the changing role of alcohol in American leisure time and ho it altered advertising habits) • Carroll, Glenn R., and Anand Swaminathan. "Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U.S. Brewing Industry." American Journal of Sociology 106, no. 3 (2000): 715-62 (Looked for social and cultural impacts of the microbrewery/ craft beers on America) • Carwardine, Richard. "Evangelicals, Whigs and the Election of William Henry Harrison." Journal of American Studies 17, no. 1 (1983): 47-75. (Political information about use of rural symbolism in political campaign) • David F. "Alcohol in American History." Scientific American274, no. 4 (1996): 78-83. (gave a great account of different temperance movements throughout America’s history) • Kevin T. Barksdale. "Our Rebellious Neighbors: Virginia's Border Counties during Pennsylvania's Whiskey Rebellion." The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 111, no. 1 (2003): 5-32 (Found information about early colonial whiskey development) • Martin, Jack K., Paul M. Roman, and Terry C. Blum. "Job Stress, Drinking Networks, and Social Support at Work: A Comprehensive Model of Employees' Problem Drinking Behaviors." The Sociological Quarterly 37, no. 4 (1996): 579-99. (Offered insight on the stresses and influences that affect contemporary drinking habits)

19. Bibliography cont. • Reinarman, Craig. "The Social Construction of an Alcohol Problem: The Case of Mothers against Drunk Drivers and Social Control in the 1980s." Theory and Society 17, no. 1 (1988): 91-120 (Gave more specific information aboutMAAD and the impact it has had on society) • Rorabaugh, W. J. "Alcohol in America." OAH Magazine of History6, no. 2 (1991): 17-19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25162814.(short summary of the expansion of whiskey consumption in the antebellum period) • Stack, Martin. "Local and Regional Breweries in America's Brewing Industry, 1865 to 1920." The Business History Review74, no. 3 (2000): 435-63. (Told about the development of commercialized national breweries and their impact) • Thompson, Peter. ""The Friendly Glass": Drink and Gentility in Colonial Philadelphia." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113, no. 4 (1989): 549-73. (Provided insight into the upper-class and social regulations regarding alcohol use in the colonies) • ZIMMERMAN, JONATHAN. ""When the Doctors Disagree:" Scientific Temperance and Scientific Authority, 1891–1906." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 48, no. 2 (1993): 171-97 (Found out about role and affects medical alcohol had on society and how it was affected by the temperance movement)