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HERE IS THE WORLD…

HERE IS THE WORLD…. …AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA. Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia. NORTH AFRICA. MIDDLE EAST. SOUTHWEST ASIA. SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST”.

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HERE IS THE WORLD…

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  1. HERE IS THE WORLD… …AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA Due to the location, it’s called the Crossroads of Continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia

  2. NORTH AFRICA MIDDLE EAST SOUTHWEST ASIA SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE “MIDDLE EAST”

  3. SOME COUNTRIES IN NORTH AFRICA ARE (Sinai Peninsula) ALGERIA AND EGYPT LIBYA

  4. SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE: AFGHANISTAN TURKEY IRAN IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA KUWAIT QATAR ISRAEL AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

  5. SEMI SEMI DESERT SEMI DESERT DESERT DESERT DESERT SAHEL DESERT Most of the climate is arid (dry) and semi-arid (partly dry)

  6. The Pyramids at Giza http://www.fgsd.winnipeg.mb.ca/vmc/swaweb/cc/ccswow6.htm The ancient Egyptians used manual labor and wooden tools to build these magnificent tombs for pharoahs.

  7. MINARETS MOSQUES: places of worship for Muslims. Typical features are domes and minarets DOME

  8. The Hagia Sofia in Istanbul, Turkey. Built between 532 and 537 by the Christian Emperor Justinian I as a Byzantine church, which it functionedas for the next 900 years. In 1453, the Islamic-faithed Ottomans took over Constantinople (now Istanbul). They wasted little time in converting the Hagia Sophia into a mosque. It served the Muslims for almost 500 years. The Ottomans painted over the Christian mosaics - and erected the four defining minarets we see today. In 1934, Turkey changed the Hagia Sofia's status from mosque to museum and uncovered the priceless Byzantine mosaics.

  9. The Dome of the Rock http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html Jerusalem: This Muslim holy site was built on the remains of the Temple of Solomon, a holy site for Jews

  10. The Kaaba http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~brvs/kaaba.html Located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the Kaaba is the most sacred site for Muslims. A Muslim must take the haj (pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in his/her life.

  11. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFAJ01wh0 Jerusalem: This church was built on the site where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was crucified.

  12. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFAJ01wh0 Jerusalem: This church was built on the site where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was crucified.

  13. The Western Wall in Jerusalem: Also known as the Wailing Wall http://www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html http://www.igc.apc.org/ddickerson/western-wall.gif

  14. Middle East • Neolithic Revolution 10,000 – 3500 BC • Hunters and gatherers to farmers • Ground work of civilization • Domestication of animals and farming • Lead to development of cities

  15. Early Mesopotamia • Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys • Plains easy to invade • Much cultural diffusion • Fertile Crescent • Crossroads of civilization

  16. Sumerian Civilization • Polytheistic • Ziggurats • City state • Grew rich from trade • Contributions • Wheel • Cuneiform • Algebra/geometry

  17. Other Civilizations of the fertile Cresecent • Many outside groups invaded the Fertile Cresecent • Assyrians • Persians • Babylon/ Hammurabi’s laws Code • Favored the upper class over lower ones/ punishment was harsh • Hittites/Iron • Lydians/coined money • Phoenicians/carriers of civilization

  18. Byzantine Empire • Justinian’s Law Code • Byzantine Architecture • Control of the Dardanelles • Strait of Bosporus • Eastern Orthodox Religion • The Great Schism/Icons 1054 • Preserved Greco-Roman Culture

  19. Rise of Judaism • Monotheistic • Torah • Ten Commandments • Old Testament of the Bible contains the Torah • Moral Standards and Justice • Dietary laws/pork and shellfish prohibited • Combining meat and dairy

  20. Rise of Islam • Muhammad • Hegira (hijra) Mecca to Medina • Koran (Quran) • Five Pillars • Allah is the one and only God • Pray five times a day • Give alms to the poor • Fast during Ramadan • Pilgrimage to Mecca

  21. Islam • Dietary Rules: no pork/ no alcohol/ • no gambling • Dress requirements for women • Appealed to many because it emphasized honesty, generosity, and social justice • Built vast trading empires/important means of spreading Islam as well as war • Golden Age Mathematics and Science/Medicine

  22. Islam • Divisions within Islam • Sunnis believed that the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders • Shiites believe that only descendents of Muhammad should be his successor

  23. Islam • Special tax on non Muslims/ but allowed to practice own faith • Slavery • Major Dynasties/Umayyad & Abbassid • Crusades

  24. Crusades • Were driven by Christian desire to force the Muslims from Palestine as well as to gain power and wealth • Resulted in trade increase with the Muslim world • Introduced Europeans to the advances of Byzantine and Muslim civilizations • Catholic Church loses power • Social Mobility more than European society • Decline of feudalism

  25. Ottoman Empire • 1453 – 1918 • Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks • Istanbul • Continued growth of Islam • Before and during WW I demand of nationalist groups leads to breakup of Empire • Rise of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk/Turkey • Modernizes Turkey secular gov’t

  26. 1800s to Present: Key people and groups • Kemal Ataturk • Ben Gurion/Golda Meir/ Menachem Begin/Yitzhak Rabin • Gamal Nasser/Anwar Sadat • Ayatollah Khomeini • Yasir Arafat • Saddam Hussein

  27. Key Groups and Events • Balfour Declaration • PLO • OPEC • Camp David Accords • Inifata • Persian Gulf War • Iranian Revolution • Islamic Fundamentalists • Arab Israeli Wars

  28. Kemal Ataturk • Westernizes and modernizes Turkey in 1923 • Created a new legal system • Separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation. • Abolished religious courts • Women gained more rights • Latin Alphabet • Industrialized Turkey

  29. Geography/Natural Resources Middle East • Limited water supply: Only Turkey and Egypt have an adequate water supply. • Arguments over dam and water rights • Building of desalinization plants: Kuwait and Saudi Arabia/ very expensive • Largest Oil Fields in the World • Oil rich nations gain wealth & political & economic power Formation of OPEC. • Oil is not evenly distributed across the region/war over oil rich lands/Persian Gulf War. • Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran largest producers of oil.

  30. OPEC • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries • Formed in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, & Venezuela • Later others joined • Goal: control oil industry by controlling production and prices • Used as a weapon/ cut supplies to Israel’s allies. 1973 • Interdependence of Countries

  31. Arab Israel Conflict • 1917/ 1923 Balfour Declaration by Britain • Supported the Idea of Zionism/nation for the Jews • Both Jews and Palestinians claimed the right to the land of Palestine/historic claim • 1947 United Nations drew up a plan • Dividing Palestine • War broke out • Cold War: US backs Israel/Soviet Union backs Arabs

  32. Arab Israeli Conflict • Israel wins / 700,000 Palestinians homeless • Ben Gurion/nationalist leader of Israel • Doubles its territory • 1948-1949 War • 1956 War: over Suez Canal • 1967 War: Six Day War • 1973 War:Yom Kippur War • 1980’s Arab unity difficult to achieve • Israel common enemy

  33. PLO • Palestine Liberation Organization • Terrorist Group representing the Arabs • Goal regain homeland/kill all Jews • Extinguish the Zionists • Leader Yasir Arafat

  34. Arafat • I don’t know anyone who has as much civilian Jewish blood on his hands as Arafat since the Nazis’ time.” Former Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon, October 1995

  35. Camp David Accords 1979 • Anwar Sadat (Egypt) & Menachen Begin (Israel) • 1st Peace Treaty between Arabs & Jews

  36. Oslo Accords 1993 • Self Rule for Palestinians in Gaza and West Bank • Signed by Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin

  37. Peace Slips Away • 1987 Intifadaor uprising • Takes the form of demonstrations, boycotts and attacks on Israeli soldiers • Rock throwing by unarmed Palestinian teenagers • Civil disobedience put pressure on Israel

  38. Continued Hostilities • Peace still has not been achieved in the Middle East • Why? • Two nationalists movements/Israeli and Palestinian • Militants on both sides/hatred/60 years of fighting and dying • Economic trouble in Palestinian controlled areas • Israeli need to maintain territorial security • Right of return by Palestinians • Disagreements over the Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, and the Gaza Strip

  39. Second Intifada • Late 1990s and 2000s • Violence escalates • Terrorism increases • Israeli soldiers destroy homes of terrorists and close off the West Bank • Trouble with Hamas • Hamas now controls the Palestinian Authority

  40. Civil War in Lebanon • Religious Civil War between Christians and Muslims • Began in 1975 • Israeli and Syrian forces were also involved • Anarchy in Lebanon • 1990s a degree of order had returned • 2006 Israel invades Lebanon again to destroy terrorist bases in that country.

  41. The Iranian Revolution 0f 1979 • Muhammad Reza Pahlavi/The Shah of Iran • Controlled the Gov’t • Dictator • Pro Western/ US • Westernized and modernized his country • Replaced by a theocracy: a government ruled by a religious person

  42. Iranian Revolution • Revolution Leader/Ayatollah Khomeini • Shiite Muslim • Anti Western and US/ Declares Islamic Republic/ Islamic Fundamentalists • Western books, music and movies were banned • Strict adherence to Muslim religious tradition • Many rights taken from women • Seize American Embassy

  43. Saddam Hussein and Iraq • 1980 Iran Iraq War • Ends in 1988 • Persian Gulf War • 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes oil fields • 1991 US and United Nations defeat Iraq • Economic Sanctions against Iraq • UN/Iraq must destroy weapons of mass destruction • Kurds minority group that wants to overthrow Hussein/protected by US

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