FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION And KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS

1. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION And KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS Amol Dongre MD MPS Department of Community Medicine MGIMS, Sewagram

2. What is focus group discussion? • Why focus group • When to use FGD • Composition & Selection of participants • Role of moderator • Role of note-taker • Guidelines for the FGD Participants • Process of FGDs and Essential steps • Strengths and Limitations of FGD

3. What is focus group discussion? • Technique of gathering data and insights from discussions and interactions amongparticipants in a group, facilitated by a moderator • Exchange of ideas among participants • Focused, but flexibly structured discussion • Ideal for exploring norms, expectations, values and beliefs and NOT personal experiences

4. What is focus group discussion? Contd… FGD is a group discussion of approximately 6-12 persons guided by a facilitator, during which the members of the group talk freely and spontaneously about a certain topic. FGD thus aims to be more than question-answer interaction where in the members are also encouraged to discuss the topic among themselves.

5. When to use FGD • Focus research & develop relevant research • hypotheses • Formulate appropriate questions for more structure • and large scale surveys • Help understand and solve unexpected problems in • interventions • Develop appropriate messages for health education • programs • Explore controversial topics

6. Why focus group • Defining the research concept • Developing hypothesis • Generating Vocabularies • Framing a questions in large scale surveys • Providing supplementary information related • tothe community's knowledge, beliefs, • attitudes and behavior on specific issues

7. Composition and Selection of Participants • 8-10 individuals in a group willing participants NOT individuals who will dominate the discussion or inhibit the participation of others in the group • Participants are selected in advance by either random sampling or by any alternative criteria • The members are homogenous viz. regarding major social divisions and/or background characteristics. Age and sex often considered for assigning participants into different groups

8. Composition and Selection of Participants contd… • Inform about the topic of exploration through personal experience or interest arising from a particular role or position • Date, time and venue of the FGD is fixed in advance. A time limit of one and one- half hours is desirable and two hours is the maximum • Anonymity of the participants is preferred • Members of the research team: a moderator (facilitator), a note-taker & recorder

9. Guidelines for the FGD Participants • One participants speak at one time and clearly • Try gather everyone's perspective/opinion • Encourage participation

10. Process of FGDs • FGD guidelines to be pre-tested in • advance • More than one FGD is to be conducted • Moderator /note-takers should be trained • in advance • Recruitment of the participants (help from • key informant, homogeneity)

11. Process of FGDs Contd... • Should also be recorded beside note-taking • Ideally FGD should be of 90 minutes duration • Make physical arrangements for setting, equipment, food and drinks, and child care if necessary • Selection of location and time for FGD

12. Essential steps – starting the discussion • Collect socio-demographic details informally • Summarize the purpose of the study • Describe the focus group discussion process • - No right or wrong answers • - All should participate • - All should respect the opinions of others • Make sure everyone understood the informed consent • Ask participants to guard the confidentiality of others in the groups

13. Essential steps - conducting the discussion • Begin with warm-up questions • Be aware of who is talking and who is not • - Do not allow one or two individuals to dominate • Use broad, open-ended questions • - Avoid yes or no or short answer questions • Always probe • Record body language, nonverbal communication

14. Essential steps - documenting discussion • Expand notes of the discussion • Record in writing any nonverbal data • Don’t imply judgement • Add researcher’s comments in parentheses • Finalise field notes as soon as possible after the discussion • If tape recorder is used, complement taped transcripts with field notes in preparing final transcripts

15. Role of moderator • Introduce the session • Encourage discussion • Creating a climate for open exchange • - explaining the goal of discussion • - setting ground rules • - encouraging participation by all • Guiding the discussion • - introducing topics with main questions • - eliciting detailed information with follow up questions • - probing meaning of responses • - Should not dominate the discussion • Keeping the discussion focused • Encourage involvement of every member • Monitor involvement & interaction among participants

16. Role of moderator contd… • While maintaining the core theme of the discussion • ensure flow of conversation. • Avoid being placed in the role of expert • Control of rhythm of the meeting, but avoid an • unobtrusive way • Take time to end the meeting to summarize and check for • agreement / disagreement on important topics • Build rapport, empathize • Thank each of the participants personally for their • participation • Monitor involvement & interaction among participants • Encourage involvement of every member • While maintaining the core theme of the discussion • ensure flow of conversation.

17. Role of note-taker / Recorder • Items to be recorded • Date, time and place • Number, names and description of each participant • General description of group dynamics (level of participation, presence of dominant participant, level of interest etc.) including non-verbal interaction among the participants • Opinions of the participants including key statements • Emotional aspects (reluctance, strong feelings attached to a certain topic) including any non-verbal communication • Taking notes without disturbing the discussion including identity of the speakers • Spontaneous relevant discussion during breaks or after the formal session / discussion • Works as back up to the moderator by drawing attention to missed comments from participants and missed topics

18. Designing the Interview Guide for FGD • Must provide the moderator with he topics and issues that are, to the extent possible, to be covered at some point during the discussions • The guide is loosely structure and does not suggest potential responses. • The questions should be unstructured, unbiased and non-threatening • Progression of the topics in the guidelines should be logical and should move from general topic to specific topic • The guide should not overly done or have too many questions (preferably should have no more than 20 questions / topics) • Pretesting of guidelines with several mock sessions is essential

19. Strengths and Limitations of the FGD • Should not be used for quantitative purpose, e.g. • the testing of hypotheses or generalization of • findings for larger areas that may need more • elaborate surveys • FGD can be used to complement findings from the • surveys and other qualitative techniques as using it • alone may be risky as the people tend to centre their • opinion on the most common ones on Social Norms. • FGD may not be very useful on sensitive topics • where members may hesitate to air their feelings • and experiences freely (sexual behavior/HIV AIDS) • Evaluator has less control than individual interview • Groups are often difficult to assemble

20. Dos and Don’ts of the Moderator

21. Exercise • Select a study topic • Prepare three questions for FGD discussion

22. Key Informant Interviews Definition: • “Qualitative, in-depth, flexible interviews with persons who know what is going in the community, “experts” (knowledgeable) about a topic on which we want to get information.” • Note that the key informant interview is usually not about that person herself, but about the topic on which she has information.

23. Objectives • The purpose of Key Informant Interviews is to collect information from a wide range of people- including community leaders, professionals, or residents-who have first hand knowledge about the community , and our research topic. • To get general information about the local community • These community experts, with their particular knowledge and understanding, can provide insight on the nature of problems and give recommendations for solution.

24. When to conduct KII • To get more candid or in-depth answers. Focus Group dynamic may prohibit you from candidly discussing sensitive issues or getting the depth of information you need. Sometimes group dynamic can prevent some participants from voicing their opinions about sensitive topics

25. Choosing Key Informants • KI must have first- hand knowledge about community, its residents and issues or problems you are trying to investigate • KI can be a wide range of people, agency representatives, community residents, community leaders, or community business owners. • ex., Religious leaders, government officials, young mothers, youth, minority population etc. • Should have a diverse mix of key informants to ensure variety of perspectives

26. Exercise • Select a study topic • Identify key informant for your research topic

27. Thank You for your patience