Westward Expansion

1. Westward Expansion

2. Westward Expansion • Population • 1790 • Majority lives East of Appalachian mountains and within a few miles of ocean • 1840 • 1/3 lives between Appalachian mountains and Mississippi River • The Sweep West • Series of bursts • 1790s • 1791-1803 • 4 new states • 1816-1821 • 6 new states • Characteristics • Families • Clustered near rivers • Regional settlement • Society and Customs • Craved sociability • Rural neighbors joined together • Sports, hoedowns • Clear division of labor • Lack of refinement • East-West tensions

3. Population

4. Westward Expansion • Far West • Adventure spirit • Zebulon Pike 1806 • John Jacob Astor 1811 • Mountain Men • Kit Carlson • Jedediah Smith • Jim Beckworth • Federal Government • Promised land to enlisted men War of 1812 • 6 million acres of “military bounties” • Led to Congress authorizing extension of National Road in 1816

5. Indian Removal • 5 Civilized Tribes • Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles • Legislation • 1820s • Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi legislatures restrict natives rights • Jackson • 1830 passes Indian Removal Act • Trades western public land for Indian land in East • 100 million acres of Indian land for 32 million public acres • Supreme Court • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831 • Marshall denied Cherokee claim as a republic within GA • Recognized claim to land • Worchester v. Georgia 1832 • legal position was a “distinct” political community entitled to Federal protection • Trail of Tears • Treaty of Echota 1835 • All Cherokee lands sold for $6.5 million • Congress ratified • 1/3 die during/after Trail of Tears

8. Indian Removal • Northwest Tribes • Series of Treaties gave up land • Two uprisings • Red Bird 1827 • crushed • Blackhawk 1832 • Resisted removal • Attacked by Federal and Militia troops • Led to older tribes ceded land to US

9. Growth of Market Economy • Agricultural Boom • Rising prices in commodities drew settlers west • Demand for wheat increases • Shift to non-agricultural work in NE increases demand • River transportation • Technological advances • 1793 Cotton Gin- Eli Whitney • Risk of Market Economy • No control of fluctuating distant markets • Long interval between harvesting and selling crops • Farmers borrow $ • Short-term debt increases and worse than expected

10. Growth of Market Economy • Federal Land Policy • Problems with Ordinance of 1785 • Assumed farmers ban together to buy land • Federalists • Encourage wealthy land speculators to buy land • Laws for min. price $2 • Jefferson • Changes laws. Land Law 1800 • Speculator/Squatter • Preemption • Forces small farmers to buy land on credit with high interest • Forced to grow cash crops and exhaust soil • “moving frontier” • Panic of 1819 • Too many bank notes issued • Farmers/investors borrowed tons of $ • Recession in Britain, bumper crops in Europe= less demand • National Bank tightens loan policies • Land speculators lose most, land prices fall • Significance: • Economic damage • Bitter taste about banks • Farmers depend on distant markets • Need better transportation

12. Transportation Revolution • Weaknesses 1820 • Rivers flowed North to South • Roads expensive • Horse-wagons limited • Steamboat • 1807 Fulton’s Clermont • Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 • Broke up monopoly • Increased Steamboat traffic • Shipping faster and cheaper • Vital role in Miss-Ohio river system • 1st air pollution • Canals • Erie Canal 1817-1825 • Canal Frenzy • Linked Western farms to Eastern cities • Constructed by states • Three consequences • Lowers food prices in East • More immigrants move West • Stronger economic ties between West and East • Boom ended in 1830s • Railroads • 1825- 1st commercial (UK) • US investment 1830s • Connected non-river cities • Cheaper than canals to build • Built by private corporations

13. Clermont

15. Transportation Revolution • Growth of Cities • Caused by Transportation Revolution • 1820-1860 • Dramatic in West • Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, St. Louis • River ports, commercial hubs • Completion of canals shifted boom to Great Lakes • Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago

16. Industrialization • Beginnings • Century behind Britain • Samuel Slater 1789 • 1st Cotton Mill • Regional • Gradual process • Causes • Political • Embargo Act of 1807 • Tariff 1816 • NY Law 1811 • Tensions in Rural Economy • NE, too much pop for land • Technology • Labor saving machines • No guilds • Textile Towns in NE • 1st industrial region • Why? • Recession 1808,1810 • Rivers • Surplus of young women • Cotton Textile Mills • Francis Cabot Lowell 1813 • Lowell Mills • Upset traditional order • Protests • 1834, 1836 • Not just against employers, but women vs. men

18. Industrialization • Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities • Manufacturing depended on outwork • Industrial centers despite lack of rivers • Trade Unions • As early as 1790s • Skilled vs. unskilled • Shorter workdays • Obstacles: • Immigration • State laws prohibiting Unions • Frequent economic depression • Equality and Inequality • Rich and Poor • Few examples of “rags to riches” • John Jacob Astor • Most people poor • Young nation with little property • Deserving poor vs. undeserving • Immigrants • Irish Catholic • Free Blacks • Deeply rooted prejudice • Restrictions in North • Response • 1st black run churches • African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philly

20. Industrialization • Middling Class • Most lived in middle • Professionals, landowning farmers, small merchants, artisans • High degree of transience and unpredictability • Social Relationships • Two generalizations • Questioning authority • New foundations of authority • Attack of Professions • Lawyers, Physicians, Ministers • Challenge to Family Authority • Staying home vs. leaving • Free of parental supervision • Changes in marriage decisions • Wives and Husbands • Separate “spheres” • Children • Raising • Birth control • Horizontal Allegiances • New allegiances to social networks • Religious, philosophical • Vehicles to assert influence