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Chemistry

Chemistry. Functional Groups. Organic Chemistry. The study of carbon -containing compounds Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom has 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second shell

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Chemistry

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  1. Chemistry Functional Groups

  2. Organic Chemistry • The study of carbon-containing compounds • Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules • With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom has 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second shell • Carbon usually completes its valence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds • This tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible

  3. Carbon Chains • form the skeletons of most organic molecules • the skeletons may vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings • the carbon skeletons may also include double bonds

  4. Isomers • Structural isomers • Geometric isomers • Enantiomers

  5. Structural Isomers • Variation in covalent partners • pentane has a straight skeleton and isopentane has a branched skeleton • same molecular formula C5H12

  6. Geometric Isomers • Variation in arrangement about a double bond • rhodopsin (in the retina) from one geometric isomer to another

  7. Enantiomers • Variation in spatial arrangement, mirror images • enantiomers are possible if there are fourdifferent atoms or groups of atoms bonded to a carbon • they are like left-handed and right-handed versions • usually one is biologically active, the other inactive

  8. Functional Group • A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

  9. Hydroxyl -OH • Carbonyl CO • Carboxyl -COOH • Amino -NH2 • Sulfhydryl -SH • Phosphate -PO4-2(-OPO3-2) • Methyl -CH3

  10. 1.Hydroxyl Group (-OH) • a hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent bond with an oxygen which forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton. • Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups are alcohols and their names typically end in -ol

  11. 2.Carbonyl Group ( CO) • consists of an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond • aldehyde -If the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton • ketone - if not at the end

  12. 3.Carboxyl Group (-COOH) • carbon atom with a double bond with an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydroxyl group. • carboxylic acids - compounds with carboxyl groups • Acidic properties - because the combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the dissociation of hydrogen as an ion (H+)

  13. 4. Amino Group (-NH2) • nitrogen atom attached to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. • Amines - Organic compounds with amino groups. • Basic properties - because ammonia can pick up a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution

  14. 5. Sulfhydryl Group (-SH) • sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone • thiols - organic molecules with sulfhydryl • Sulfhydryl groups help stabilize the structure of proteins

  15. 6. Phosphate Group(-OPO3-2) • Phosphorus bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond). • Phosphate groups are anions with two negative charges as two protons have dissociated from the oxygen atoms. • One function of phosphate groups is to transfer energy between organic molecules

  16. 7. Methyl Group (-CH3) • Carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a or a different atom • Addition of methyl to molecule changes its shape and function

  17. Activity: identify the function group C - N H H Methylamine H H H H H O Alanine N - C - C OH H CH3

  18. Activity ATP (adenosine triphosphate) The End

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