GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE SCIENCE

1. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE SCIENCE International Human Diemsions Programme International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme 2004 and Beyond

2. The Anthropocene Era

4. Role and Objective IGBP is an international scientific research programme on global change. Its objective is: • to describe and understand Earth System dynamics, • focusing on the interactive biological, chemical and physical processes, • the changes that are occurring in these dynamics, • and the role of human activities in these changes.

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF NEXT DECADE OF GEC RESEARCH Strategic partnerships via Earth System Science-Partnership (IGBP + IHDP + WCRP + Diversitas) More emphasis on issues of societal concern More emphasis on the regional scale Global change v climate change Science focus on the coupled human environment system

6. IGBP and IHDP in 2004 - 2005 The transition to the 2nd phase and new structure of IHDP and IGBP is complete. Priorities for 2004 - 2005 are: • launch the final 2 new joint IHDP-IGBP core projects – GLP and LOICZ • Implementation of iLEAPS • promote and support a small number of Fast Track Initiatives (e.g., Fire, Nitrogen, Monsoon Asian Integrated Regional Study (MAIRS)) • enhance links to the observation community (e.g. via IGOS) • model-data assimilation • improved predictability of Earth System dynamics • contribute to and support ESSP

7. COUPLED HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM ILEAP GHG VOC, NOx O3 LAND LOICZ

8. Combined Anthropogenic-Driven Activities

9. Land • The nature and causes of land system change. • The consequences of land system change for ecosystem services and Earth System functioning. • Support for sustainable use of land systems using integrated analysis and modelling.

10. The IGBP Land Project…. …the Ultimate Challenge • What are the limits to adaptability? Resilience? Sustainability? • In terms of land systems, where are the critical thresholds that should not be crossed under any circumstances? • What changes in the Earth System - nature, magnitude, rate - would be fatal for land systems in the context of modern societies? • What are the accessible but intolerable domains in the • co-evolution space of nature and humanity?

11. Earth System Science PartnershipDIVERSITAS, IGBP, IHDP, WCRP • an integrated study of the Earth System, • the changes occurring to the System, and • the implications for global sustainability.

12. Implementation • Approaches • Place-based research studies • long-term observations/experiments • Process models (e.g., vegetation/ecosystem models, agroecosystem models, agent-based models) • Integrated studies • Networks / networks of networks • existing GCTE, LUCC, Diversitas (and other EESP) networks • new networks • thematic, specific phenomena, tools • Case studies • specific systems, e.g. arid, mountains • regional studies - incl. shared with other projects

13. Data-Model Fusion of Multiple streams of Datasets Canadell et al. 2000

14. OBSERVING EXTENT OF NATURAL DISTUBANCES J. Logan, USFS

15. Urban Footprints and Impacts Pataki 2002 GCTE-Focus 1

16. Point: Industrial tropospheric pollution [O3] of prime croplands Chamedies et al. 1994. Science Urban-Settlement Area Point: Area of urban-industrial infrastructure remains small relative to other land-use/cover changes, but its “footprint” has significant land implications.

17. An annually averaged MODIS aerosol optical depth for 2001 (courtesy of David Fillmore and NASA MODIS team) 0.0 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 Aerosol Optical Depth

18. Global Terrestrial Datasets • REGIONAL AND • PROCESS STUDIES • FLUX TOWERS • LAND USE AND • INTENSITY STUDIES • INVENTORY ANALYSIS

19. SPACE-TIME COVERAGE OF TERRESTRIAL OBSERVATION NETWORK From Ciais et al. Igco draft report, June 2002.

20. Information Technology for Biogeosciences • Developing and testing theory and models requires integration of complex in situ process data with large gridded data sets. • Required data are multi-scale, many formats, originating in multiple disciplines. • Rapid prototyping and development cycle to maximize user control of information systems, implies incorporating existing state-of-the-art components rather than de novo development • Data systems must allow user-driven, knowledge-based querying of multiple data types

21. User-drivenso that information can be retrieved in the form needed for a research question rather than in the stored format(s).Example:Land cover, weather, eddy covariance point fluxes all brought to a common grid for carbon model validation. Knowledge-basedmeaning that known properties of one queried variable may influence the retrieval of another variable. Example: known lags between climate and fluxes in the carbon cycle vary between ocean regions and ecosystem types. Example: known instrument characteristics affect the assignment of uncertainties, time-location-view angle affect interpretation and use in computations…

23. ? Create high res. products by coupling high res. imagery with field and tower data Multiple use of airborne or high res. satellite data imply some efficiencies in coordinated activities/sites Correlate Aggregate Some graphics courtesy of BigFoot project, layout courtesy of Shunlin Liang From points to pixels

24. Eg., Carbon uptake modeled using satellite inputs checked against eddy correlation data from the Niwot Ridge LTER site

25. Point observations are characteristic of bioregions but must link to regional management history data for extrapolation to grid scale

26. Soil Carbon Density (kg/m2) Low High IGBP (DIS) Global Soils (2000)

27. Flux Towers

29. An annually averaged MODIS aerosol optical depth for 2001 (courtesy of David Fillmore and NASA MODIS team) 0.0 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 Aerosol Optical Depth

30. Extent of Agriculture DRAFT: Based on EDC’s Seasonal Land Cover Characteristics Data

31. Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)

33. FluxNet Tower Sites

34. Global Monitoring Networks

35. Based on DeFries et al., 2000

36. From Ciais et al. Igco draft report, June 2002.

37. EOS Land Validation Core Sites

38. Global Sampling and STEP Maintenance • Live (!!) Database: currently ~2300 sites globally

39. Northeast Land Cover Product Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Mixed Forest Agriculture/Natural Vegetation Mosaic Agriculture Urban Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

40. MODIS Vegetation Phenology:What is it?(Zhang et al. 2003; RSE; Zhang et al. 2004 GCB; Zhang et al. 2004, GRL) • Quantifies Intra-annual Variation (phenology) • Greenup, maturity, senescence, dormancy

41. Global Results -2001 (e.g., Northern Hemisphere Green Wave) Credit: Xiaoyang Zhang