Compounds of Life

1. Compounds of Life

2. Biochemistry- chemical makeup of living organisms. (carbon-based molecules)

3. Macromolecules • Carbohydrate • Protein • Lipid  • Nucleic Acid

4. How are macromolecules formed? • Polymerization- Large compounds are built by joining smaller ones. • Monomers- small units • Monosaccharide • Polymers- monomers that join together to form larger units • Polysaccharide

5. CARBOHYDRATE • - compounds composed of C,H,O • - provides quick energy • - made of connected sugars • - end in –ose. Ex. Glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose

6. Simple Sugar • Monosaccharides- Simple sugar, small chains providing quick energy. • Ex. Candy & soda- glucose, fruits

7. Complex Sugar • long chains of sugar that must be broken to get energy. Ex. Pasta, Bread- overnight energy

8. Starch • energy storage of plants produced in all plants. • (corn, potatoes, carrots)

9. Cellulose • sugar produced by plants in the cell walls. Can’t be digested by some animals. (fiber)

10. Chitin • tough sugar found in fungi and exoskeleton of some animals.

11. Uses of too much carbs: • Damages teeth • Specialized diets for losing weight • Athletes Carbo-loading (Pasta Dinners) • Diabetes • Type 1- Juvenile • Type 2- Adult

12. Protein • Long Term Energy • Complex chains of amino acids • Found in all animal meat- turkey, chicken, steak, fish, peanut butter, eggs, beans, nuts • Monomer is amino acids • Polymer is polypeptide

13. Amino Acids- 20, combine to form protein, aid in chemical messaging and metabolism.

14. Amino Acids • Held together by a peptide bond • A chain of amino acids is called Polypetide chain

15. Function of Proteins • Movement- actin and myosin • Structure- collagen • Transport- hemoglobin • Nutrition- casein • Immunity- antibodies • Digestion- enzymes

16. Lipids • Store and release energy (energy reserve)

17. Saturated fat vs. Unsaturated fat • Saturated fat has a single bond while unsaturated fats have a double bond

19. Function of Lipids • Fats- insulation, long term energy storage stored as glycogen • Ex.- • 1. Saturated- solid • 2. Unsaturated- Liquid • 3. Trans- Chemically modified Liquid into solid • 4. Triglyceride- 3 fatty acids, glycerol, (monomer) fat in the blood • 5. Omega 3 Fatty Acid- unsaturated fatty acid found in fish • Does not make polymers!

20. Lipids • Waxes- repel water. Ex- plants, feathers, ear • Oils- long term energy, liquid fat made by animals and plants • Non-Soluble in water • Non-polar

21. Steroids- special carbon ring structures • Cholesterol- structure of cell membranes • Sex Hormones- estrogen & testosterone • Cortico- medical,asthma- reduce inflammation • Anabolic- synthetic form of testosterone

22. 2 parts of a lipid • Hydrophilic- water loving, head region • Hydrophobic- water fearing, tail region

23. Phospholipid

24. Nucleic Acid • Contain hereditary and genetic information that is passed to offspring. • 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (Polymers) • DNA • RNA

25. 2 Functions of nucleic Acid • 1.) Heredity • 2.) Code for Protein • Sugars found in nucleic acids • Deoxyribose (DNA) • Ribose (RNA)

26. Four bases of DNA & RNA • DNARNA • Adenine (A) Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) Uracil (U) • Guanine (G) Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C)

27. Nucleotide monomers: Phosphate group, nitrogen base, and sugar –ribose or deoxyribose