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1. Foro de Innovación de las Américas 2011 ANII, Uruguay. Energías Renovables en ALyC. Instrumentos de promoción Gonzalo Bravo
Fundación Bariloche
3. TRES PILARES:
Uso más eficiente de la energía – principalmente en el consumo final – incluyendo un uso más racional, patrones de consumo que no despilfarren energía.
Empleo creciente de Energía Renovable
Desarrollo acelerado de nuevas tecnologías en energía
Distinción entre ENERGÍA RENOVABLE Y ENERGÍA SUSTENTABLE (degradación Ambiente + legado futuro)
4. La energía es un medio/insumo imprescindible para el desarrollo, necesidades básicas.
En algunas sociedades ‘energía’ antes que un commodity es un Derecho. Los gobiernos son responsables de cubrir esta necesidad (al igual que salud, educación, comida, refugio, seguridad).
Ciertos servicios o usos energéticos básicos resultan esenciales para el desarrollo sostenible, la disponibilidad de energía puede ser considerada prioritaria al resultado financiero, las emisiones GEI resultantes u otros efectos indirectos asociados con la elección entre Fuentes.
6.
abastecimiento eléctrico interconectado
rural aislado - periurbano,
agrocombustibles y
usos térmicos y motrices
8. REN21 was conceived in Bonn – the Political Declaration that came out of Bonn renewable conference (2004) called for a “global policy network” to “promote a comprehensive and open exchange of diverse perspectives, lessons, and experiences in the development and application of RE”.
Thus, REN21 established in 2005 to enable a rapid global transition to RE.
Mission = promote policies for the expansion of RE by providing objective policy guidance, high quality information, and enabling exchange among relevant actors.
Multi-stakeholder group: informal network; anyone can participate. This is very much reflected in the products and activities of REN21, incl. GSR.
REN21 was conceived in Bonn – the Political Declaration that came out of Bonn renewable conference (2004) called for a “global policy network” to “promote a comprehensive and open exchange of diverse perspectives, lessons, and experiences in the development and application of RE”.
Thus, REN21 established in 2005 to enable a rapid global transition to RE.
Mission = promote policies for the expansion of RE by providing objective policy guidance, high quality information, and enabling exchange among relevant actors.
Multi-stakeholder group: informal network; anyone can participate. This is very much reflected in the products and activities of REN21, incl. GSR.
9. GSR first published 2005; produced every year since (except for one).
Comprehensive overview (sections in 2011 report = markets, investment, industry, policy, rural)
Covers all RE technologies and end-use sectors, organized by markets, investment, industry, policy, and also covering distinct market for rural energy in developing countries.
NO analysis, potentials or forecasting – but actual developments and trends. In this way, the aim is to contribute to understanding of current situation of RE.
Production of report = collaborative effort with input from many individuals:
Several authors
>150 researchers and reviewers from around world, including technology and regional contributors
Major role of REN21 support team in research and production
GSR first published 2005; produced every year since (except for one).
Comprehensive overview (sections in 2011 report = markets, investment, industry, policy, rural)
Covers all RE technologies and end-use sectors, organized by markets, investment, industry, policy, and also covering distinct market for rural energy in developing countries.
NO analysis, potentials or forecasting – but actual developments and trends. In this way, the aim is to contribute to understanding of current situation of RE.
Production of report = collaborative effort with input from many individuals:
Several authors
>150 researchers and reviewers from around world, including technology and regional contributors
Major role of REN21 support team in research and production
10. GSR first published 2005; produced every year since (except for one).
Comprehensive overview (sections in 2011 report = markets, investment, industry, policy, rural)
Covers all RE technologies and end-use sectors, organized by markets, investment, industry, policy, and also covering distinct market for rural energy in developing countries.
NO analysis, potentials or forecasting – but actual developments and trends. In this way, the aim is to contribute to understanding of current situation of RE.
Production of report = collaborative effort with input from many individuals:
Several authors
>150 researchers and reviewers from around world, including technology and regional contributors
Major role of REN21 support team in research and production
GSR first published 2005; produced every year since (except for one).
Comprehensive overview (sections in 2011 report = markets, investment, industry, policy, rural)
Covers all RE technologies and end-use sectors, organized by markets, investment, industry, policy, and also covering distinct market for rural energy in developing countries.
NO analysis, potentials or forecasting – but actual developments and trends. In this way, the aim is to contribute to understanding of current situation of RE.
Production of report = collaborative effort with input from many individuals:
Several authors
>150 researchers and reviewers from around world, including technology and regional contributors
Major role of REN21 support team in research and production
11. GSR first published 2005; produced every year since (except for one).
Comprehensive overview (sections in 2011 report = markets, investment, industry, policy, rural)
Covers all RE technologies and end-use sectors, organized by markets, investment, industry, policy, and also covering distinct market for rural energy in developing countries.
NO analysis, potentials or forecasting – but actual developments and trends. In this way, the aim is to contribute to understanding of current situation of RE.
Production of report = collaborative effort with input from many individuals:
Several authors
>150 researchers and reviewers from around world, including technology and regional contributors
Major role of REN21 support team in research and production
GSR first published 2005; produced every year since (except for one).
Comprehensive overview (sections in 2011 report = markets, investment, industry, policy, rural)
Covers all RE technologies and end-use sectors, organized by markets, investment, industry, policy, and also covering distinct market for rural energy in developing countries.
NO analysis, potentials or forecasting – but actual developments and trends. In this way, the aim is to contribute to understanding of current situation of RE.
Production of report = collaborative effort with input from many individuals:
Several authors
>150 researchers and reviewers from around world, including technology and regional contributors
Major role of REN21 support team in research and production
12. As of 2009 (latest data available) RE supplied an estimated 16% of global final energy consumption. Most of this comes from traditional biomass, followed by hydropower, but the share of others has increased since 2005.
In 2010, while RE faced challenges related to the economic crisis, low ng prices and others, RE continued to grow strongly in all end-use sectors.
As of 2009 (latest data available) RE supplied an estimated 16% of global final energy consumption. Most of this comes from traditional biomass, followed by hydropower, but the share of others has increased since 2005.
In 2010, while RE faced challenges related to the economic crisis, low ng prices and others, RE continued to grow strongly in all end-use sectors.
13. As of 2009 (latest data available) RE supplied an estimated 16% of global final energy consumption. Most of this comes from traditional biomass, followed by hydropower, but the share of others has increased since 2005.
In 2010, while RE faced challenges related to the economic crisis, low ng prices and others, RE continued to grow strongly in all end-use sectors.
As of 2009 (latest data available) RE supplied an estimated 16% of global final energy consumption. Most of this comes from traditional biomass, followed by hydropower, but the share of others has increased since 2005.
In 2010, while RE faced challenges related to the economic crisis, low ng prices and others, RE continued to grow strongly in all end-use sectors.
14. In the power sector, capacity reached an estimated 1320 GW in 2010, up about 8% relative to 2009.
RE accounted for about 25% of total global power capacity (with hydro having largest share)
And 20% of electricity production.
New RE capacity added in 2010 = about 1/2 of all power capacity added worldwide.
Wind = largest share of new RE capacity, followed by hydro, then PV.
In the power sector, capacity reached an estimated 1320 GW in 2010, up about 8% relative to 2009.
RE accounted for about 25% of total global power capacity (with hydro having largest share)
And 20% of electricity production.
New RE capacity added in 2010 = about 1/2 of all power capacity added worldwide.
Wind = largest share of new RE capacity, followed by hydro, then PV.
15. In the power sector, capacity reached an estimated 1320 GW in 2010, up about 8% relative to 2009.
RE accounted for about 25% of total global power capacity (with hydro having largest share)
And 20% of electricity production.
New RE capacity added in 2010 = about 1/2 of all power capacity added worldwide.
Wind = largest share of new RE capacity, followed by hydro, then PV.
In the power sector, capacity reached an estimated 1320 GW in 2010, up about 8% relative to 2009.
RE accounted for about 25% of total global power capacity (with hydro having largest share)
And 20% of electricity production.
New RE capacity added in 2010 = about 1/2 of all power capacity added worldwide.
Wind = largest share of new RE capacity, followed by hydro, then PV.
16. In the power sector, capacity reached an estimated 1320 GW in 2010, up about 8% relative to 2009.
RE accounted for about 25% of total global power capacity (with hydro having largest share)
And 20% of electricity production.
New RE capacity added in 2010 = about 1/2 of all power capacity added worldwide.
Wind = largest share of new RE capacity, followed by hydro, then PV.
In the power sector, capacity reached an estimated 1320 GW in 2010, up about 8% relative to 2009.
RE accounted for about 25% of total global power capacity (with hydro having largest share)
And 20% of electricity production.
New RE capacity added in 2010 = about 1/2 of all power capacity added worldwide.
Wind = largest share of new RE capacity, followed by hydro, then PV.
17. In the heating and cooling sector –
Modern biomass accounts for largest share of RE heating, followed by solar thermal, then direct geothermal
Trends include: increasing use of RE for industrial heat (at small scale); solar for cooling (again small); and rapid rise in use of ground-source heat pumps for heating (and increasingly also cooling), which account for most of the increase in geo. heat in recent years.
Transport markets -
There are limited but growing quantities of biogas and electricity in some countries, particularly in Europe, but biofuels account for largest share of RE source for transport.
Biofuels represented almost 3% of global road transport fuels, with a much higher share in some countries. A limited amount is also used in marine transport sector; growing interest in biodiesel potential for aviation.
In the heating and cooling sector –
Modern biomass accounts for largest share of RE heating, followed by solar thermal, then direct geothermal
Trends include: increasing use of RE for industrial heat (at small scale); solar for cooling (again small); and rapid rise in use of ground-source heat pumps for heating (and increasingly also cooling), which account for most of the increase in geo. heat in recent years.
Transport markets -
There are limited but growing quantities of biogas and electricity in some countries, particularly in Europe, but biofuels account for largest share of RE source for transport.
Biofuels represented almost 3% of global road transport fuels, with a much higher share in some countries. A limited amount is also used in marine transport sector; growing interest in biodiesel potential for aviation.
18. Due to growing markets for RE, most industries experienced continued growth in manufacturing of equipment, as well as in sales and installations.
Cost reductions contributed to growth in a number of sectors (especially PV, but also wind turbines and biofuel processing technologies).
At the same time, changing policy landscapes in some countries led to uncertainty for manufacturers and investors who were concerned about when and how policies might change and, in some cases, the potential for retroactive revisions. (e.g., reduction in FITs for solar PV, particularly changes in Spain.)
Trends seen in 2010 include:
Increasing internationalization of industries (as produced and installed in more countries);
Consolidation – most notably in the biomass and biofuel sectors – as traditional energy companies continued to move into RE;
Development of vertically integrated supply chains; and
Expansion by manufacturers into project development.
On the jobs front, it’s estimated that jobs in RE industries exceeded 3.5 million globally in 2010, including jobs in manufacturing as well as installations, operations, maintenance, as well as biofuels feedstocks.
Due to growing markets for RE, most industries experienced continued growth in manufacturing of equipment, as well as in sales and installations.
Cost reductions contributed to growth in a number of sectors (especially PV, but also wind turbines and biofuel processing technologies).
At the same time, changing policy landscapes in some countries led to uncertainty for manufacturers and investors who were concerned about when and how policies might change and, in some cases, the potential for retroactive revisions. (e.g., reduction in FITs for solar PV, particularly changes in Spain.)
Trends seen in 2010 include:
Increasing internationalization of industries (as produced and installed in more countries);
Consolidation – most notably in the biomass and biofuel sectors – as traditional energy companies continued to move into RE;
Development of vertically integrated supply chains; and
Expansion by manufacturers into project development.
On the jobs front, it’s estimated that jobs in RE industries exceeded 3.5 million globally in 2010, including jobs in manufacturing as well as installations, operations, maintenance, as well as biofuels feedstocks.
19. 211 bn: including reported asset finance, venture capital, private equity investment, public markets (stock purchases), and corporate and government research and development.
China attracted more than any other country in 2010 – nearly $50 billion, mostly for wind power. This made it the leader for the second year in a row, followed by Germany, the US, Italy and Brazil.
Thanks greatly to China, financial new investment in RE in developing countries surpassed that in developed countries for the first time.
More public money went into the RE sector through development banks than through government stimulus packages in 2010. State-owned multilateral and bilateral investment banks have been pillars of investment for RE during recent years of economic crisis.
211 bn: including reported asset finance, venture capital, private equity investment, public markets (stock purchases), and corporate and government research and development.
China attracted more than any other country in 2010 – nearly $50 billion, mostly for wind power. This made it the leader for the second year in a row, followed by Germany, the US, Italy and Brazil.
Thanks greatly to China, financial new investment in RE in developing countries surpassed that in developed countries for the first time.
More public money went into the RE sector through development banks than through government stimulus packages in 2010. State-owned multilateral and bilateral investment banks have been pillars of investment for RE during recent years of economic crisis.
20. Private investment and markets are driven greatly by government policies, which continue to increase in number. Between 2005 and early 2011, the number of countries with official RE targets or policies more than doubled from 55 to 118.
At least 96 countries have targets –
Represent a range of commitments in all end-use sectors;
more than ½ of these targets are in developing countries;
In addition, targets and policies exist at the state, provincial and local levels.
Although some countries missed their 2010 targets (e.g., India – 2 GW added wind) and some scaled back their future targets, several countries in Europe and elsewhere (e.g., Jordan) met targets for 2010 and/or set more aggressive ones.
Private investment and markets are driven greatly by government policies, which continue to increase in number. Between 2005 and early 2011, the number of countries with official RE targets or policies more than doubled from 55 to 118.
At least 96 countries have targets –
Represent a range of commitments in all end-use sectors;
more than ½ of these targets are in developing countries;
In addition, targets and policies exist at the state, provincial and local levels.
Although some countries missed their 2010 targets (e.g., India – 2 GW added wind) and some scaled back their future targets, several countries in Europe and elsewhere (e.g., Jordan) met targets for 2010 and/or set more aggressive ones.
21. Regulatory policies and incentives are in place in many countries around the world:
RE power generation –
policies existed in at least 96 countries by early 2011; more than half are developing or emerging economies.
FITs are most common, but many countries (at national, state or provincial levels) also have quotas, tendering/bidding and net metering policies in place, and more and more are implementing direct investment and production incentives such as tax reductions, credits, exemptions; grants; low-interest loans….
Transport –
Fuel blending mandates now exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces;
Also several countries with fuel tax exemptions.
Heating and cooling –
While RE heating and cooling policies are not enacted as aggressively or broadly as those for electricity and biofuels, interest and awareness are increasing;
Trend toward regulatory approaches that mandate energy shares or equipment installation – greatly because such policies are independent of public budget.
Green power purchasing and utility pricing programs –
Growing in response to a range of factors, including government support policies, public procurement;
>6 million green power consumers globally by early 2011;
Germany is leader with about 2.6 million in 2009.
Local governments –
Playing an increasingly important role;
Setting RE targets and enacting local mandates and support policies;
Growing interest in 100% RE.
Driven by: GHG reduction; improve air quality, energy security; potential for job creation, local sustainable development.
Regulatory policies and incentives are in place in many countries around the world:
RE power generation –
policies existed in at least 96 countries by early 2011; more than half are developing or emerging economies.
FITs are most common, but many countries (at national, state or provincial levels) also have quotas, tendering/bidding and net metering policies in place, and more and more are implementing direct investment and production incentives such as tax reductions, credits, exemptions; grants; low-interest loans….
Transport –
Fuel blending mandates now exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states/provinces;
Also several countries with fuel tax exemptions.
Heating and cooling –
While RE heating and cooling policies are not enacted as aggressively or broadly as those for electricity and biofuels, interest and awareness are increasing;
Trend toward regulatory approaches that mandate energy shares or equipment installation – greatly because such policies are independent of public budget.
Green power purchasing and utility pricing programs –
Growing in response to a range of factors, including government support policies, public procurement;
>6 million green power consumers globally by early 2011;
Germany is leader with about 2.6 million in 2009.
Local governments –
Playing an increasingly important role;
Setting RE targets and enacting local mandates and support policies;
Growing interest in 100% RE.
Driven by: GHG reduction; improve air quality, energy security; potential for job creation, local sustainable development.
25. Intervención directa (por ejemplo electrificación rural)
Instrumentos regulatorios y económicos (brindan señales alentando la penetración de ER)
Acuerdos público-privados, compromisos negociados, promoción de la concientización y participación de la sociedad civil.
Investigación y Desarrollo, la construcción de capacidades y la generación sistemática de información ambiental de fácil entendimiento por la sociedad.
27. Tarifas Feed-in: Argentina, Brasil (2002), Ecuador, Nicaragua, Perú, Panamá, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica
Subastas 2008/2011: Brasil, Argentina, Perú, Uruguay, Guatemala, R. Dominicana. Más recientemente Panamá, El Salvador, Honduras y Méjico.
Nicaragua 2011: evalúa pasar de contratos bilaterales a subastas públicas
Cuotas: Uruguay (cubiertas con subastas públicas y contratos bilaterales) y Chile.
Casi todos los países de la región (14/16 que promocionan electricidad en base a renovables) implementaron exenciones impositivas y/o incentivos a la inversión.
Uruguay, Panamá, México, Perú, Brasil y Chile, adicionan reglas para facilitar procedimientos, dar preferencia al acceso a las redes, o relajar requisitos exigidos a otros generadores.
Perú, Panamá, Chile y Honduras establecen despacho preferencial para la generación a partir de renovables.
Honduras: incentivo puntual: la energía se paga un 10% por encima del precio spot (costo marginal de corto plazo)
Perú: se garantiza un 12% de rentabilidad mínima, proyectos hidráulicos <10MW no requieren tramite de concesión.
Medición neta: Uruguay, México, Costa Rica, Guatemala y República Dominicana: (Puerto Rico El Salvador y Panamá en implementación).
28. Evitar copiar los instrumentos exitosos en el primer mundo
Analizar circunstancias nacionales y restricciones regionales: financiamiento, debilidad institucional y disponibilidad de tecnología local.
El análisis se limita prácticamente a la experiencia de Brasil (PROINFA).
- focalizar en plantas nuevas (experiencia de Brasil, Generadores a partir de biomasa vs, eólicos)
- brindar estabilidad a largo plazo, reduciendo incertidumbres para posibilitar inversiones.
29. (Proinfa) Debido al costo de oportunidad de la biomasa (bagazo de caña de azúcar) la tarifa resultó escasa para motivar oferentes.
Remuneraciones garantizadas con holgura: no necesariamente motiva inversiones, relevancia de factores estructurales y culturales, percepción del riesgo, demoras administrativas y de implementación y falta de organización han sido barreras a la inversión en renovables.
BNDES – PROINFA financia h/80% costo capital
garantía a largo plazo
Precio establecido
Agosto 2011 precios ofertados por debajo generación térmica a gas, e inferiores incluso a plantas térmicas /bagazo de caña, esta situación también se habría dado en la última licitación en Uruguay (agost. 2011).
30. Implementar una política energética de mediano y largo plazo que incluya a las energías renovables, y brindar los medios para llevarla adelante.
Crear mecanismos que permitan reducir el costo de las tecnologías de ER, así como facilitar las amortizaciones y/o garantizar una remuneración adicional razonable.
Poner en vigencia un marco legal y regulatorio coherente, claro, previsible pero flexible, que impulse adecuadamente el desarrollo de las energías renovables
Lograr reducir el costo y mejorar la calidad, la performance y el ámbito de aplicación de los equipos de energías renovables disponibles comercialmente.
Concientizar a los actores de los beneficios y limitaciones de las ER, ya que su aplicación contribuye al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los sectores sociales más postergados.
Fuente: REEEP, Secretaría Energía y Fundación Bariloche. Estudio prospectivo de energías renovables destinado a remover barreras técnicas, económicas, regulatorias y financieras a la generación de electricidad”,. 2009
31. www.ren21.net/gsr
www.map.ren21.net
Maurer, L. T. y Barroso, L. A. Electricity auctions: an overview of efficient practices, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington DC. 2011.
Foro ENRGÍAS RENOVABLES, GREF - UNIDO http://www.grefmexico2009.org/index.php?id=18&L=0
REEEP, Secretaría Energía y Fundación Bariloche. Estudio prospectivo de energías renovables destinado a remover barreras técnicas, económicas, regulatorias y financieras a la generación de electricidad”, 2009 http://energia3.mecon.gov.ar/contenidos/verpagina.php?idpagina=2974
http://www.emol.com/noticias/tecnologia/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=371189
http://www.eficienciaenergetica.gub.uy/novedades.asp?id=157
33. Muchas gracias por su atención
