Biobased Technologies

1. Biobased Technologies Janie Fouke May 1, 1998

2. Employment in Bioengineering • Pharmaceutical Industry • Medical Device Industry • Biotechnology Industry

3. Biotechnology Industry Trends • Employment of 140,000 people: up 19% (1996 to 1997) • Sales of $13 B: up 20% (1996-1997) • University royalties: 80% of $242M earned in 1996 in biological/medical sciences • Companies rank in top five for R&D expenditures per employee (1995) • Sources (Bio Report, June 1998; Business Week 1995 R&D Scoreboard)

4. Medical Technology Market • World wide market for medical devices and diagnostic products: $120 B (USD) • Single largest market: U S $58 B

5. Product segments • Commodity disposables • Technology-intensive therapeutic devices • Imaging equipment

6. Import/Export for United States • Manufacturing balance of trade not generally positive • Medical device sector +$ 7.1 B • Rapid growth rate • 1989: $ 5.5 B • 1997: $13.7 B

7. Employment Picture (US) • Medical device manufacturers registered with Food and Drug Administration: 7,000 • Average # employees: ~ 40 people • Salaries: >>>$$$

8. Social Impact of Permanent and Interventional Devices • Pacemakers/Defibrillators • Heart valves • Vascular grafts • Intraocular lenses • Hip prostheses • Neurological stimulators

9. Impact of Monitoring and DiagnosticIndustries Exploratory surgery does not exist any more!

10. Threshold of the future • Yesterday, we leveraged existing technologies to create innovations • Tomorrow’s medical advances will incorporate breakthroughs from cellular and molecular biology

11. Implantable technology of the future • Biocompatible • Biointeractive • Biological mimicry • Engineering structures/processes that promote regrowth

12. Short term vision • Tissue engineered heart valves • Individually grown new blood vessels • Regrowth of peripheral and spinal nerves

13. Explosion of Data from Biological Systems • e.g., Information Content in Genomics of Organisms, in Molecular Dynamics of Proteins, in Population Dynamics • Driving New Approaches to Data Analysis and Integration of Data

14. Biological Information Three Types of Biological Information • 1-D Info. of chromosomes and genes • 3-D info. of protein molecular machines • 4-D info. (space+time) on complex biological systems and networks

15. New Approaches to Human Disease Classification • Genomics/proteomics • Predicting an individual’s susceptibility/resistance to disease/environmental agents • Designing therapeutics/health policies • Common basis of biological systems • Arabidopsis human yeast Drosophila mouse

16. One-D Analysis needs Informatic Tools • Large Scale DNA Sequencing • Genome-wide Genotyping • DNA arrays

17. Global Analysis needs Nano-technology Miniaturization Parallelization • Mass Spectroscopy • Separation Techniques • High Speed, Multi-parameter Cell Sorting

18. Global Analysis needs Computational Biology • The Protein-folding Problem: How does the amino acid sequence direct its folding in three dimensions? • The Protein Structure-Function Problem: How does the shape of a protein permit its function?

19. Global Tools Required to Decipher the Systems and their Networks • What are the components and their interconnections for various biological systems? • How is the information for these units regulated? • How to break up intosubsystems whose properties reflect those of the entire system?

20. Challenge: Integration • Integration of the following to address the problem Engineering Biology Mathematics Chemistry Computer Science • MODERN BIOENGINEERING

21. Orchid Biocomputer • By leveraging the same technologies used to design computer chips, Orchid is designing microchemical platform technologies capable of performing high-throughput chemical synthesis, biochemical assays, and DNA analysis for applications in drug discovery and diagnostics. Analogues/variants are available in hours or days.

22. Molecular Biology Biochemistry Chemistry Microfluidics Microfabrication Instrumentation Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Physics Orchid’s Latest Want Ad

23. Affymetrix • DNA chips . . . A scanning technology • Using a large segment of human DNA as a reference, investigators rapidly compared a sequence of 3400-base pairs with that of another primate • Faster than generating the DNA de novo

24. Food Safety: DNA probes • Salmonella • Listseria • E. coli 0157:H7 • Mycotoxins

25. Biosensors • Highly specific actions of biological molecules can be exploited • Enzymes, antibodies, microbial cells can be immobilized on solid surfaces • The reactions they mediate can be detected by a variety of physical and chemical means

26. Bioelectronics • Use biological molecule in IC or in optical processor • Build devices on molecular level: high densities of data storage/nano-sized computers • Irradiate naturally occurring protein with visible light: it absorbs light. Since it exists in two states, it can be used in molecular electronics/switches, and the lithographic fabrication of nanometer-scale patterns.

27. Phytase • Pigs and chickens lack the enzyme to digest a certain sugar alcohol so they excrete phosphates. • The gene for the enzyme (created from a genetically modified microbial source) has been inserted into tobacco seed which is then fed to the animals.

28. Salt-tolerance gene • Gene for salt tolerance has been successfully introduced into tomato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis • Does seawater irrigation become a possibility?

29. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office • Number of requests to patent nucleic acid sequences: 1991 4,000 1996 500,000

30. More Wild Stuff • Medical prescriptions personalized to genotype • Neutriceutical foods • Vaccines delivered through raw potatoes • Cosmetic companies merging with pharmaceutical companies (biologically active cosmeceuticals)

31. World Economy • Biotech, chemical, pharmaceutical, and agribusiness: all invest in molecular technologies • Merger mania!

32. Life Sciences Industry Agri-business Pharmaceuticals Chemicals