ESM 214

1. ESM 214 Bioremediation Winter 2005

2. Motivations for the Course Wastewater Eutrophication Disease drinking water fishing recreation Toxic releases Wildlife loss Cancer, birth defects drinking water particulate inhalation direct contact

3. Eutrophication(Source: http://www.umanitoba.ca/institutes/fisheries/eutro.html)

5. Love Canal (1978)

7. Kesterson Reservoir, San Joaquin, CA

8. Bemidji Oil Spill(source: http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/organic/bemidji.htm )

9. Bioremediation the act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that can break down the undesirable substances the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems

10. Advantages of Biological Treatment Products are innocuous (mostly) Catalysis (by microbes) may be ancillary May use natural C and energy May use O2 for respiration Relatively inexpensive Mostly permanent

11. What are the microbes?(Table 1, handout) Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea (ancient bacteria) Eukaryotes Fungi Slime molds Protozoa Algae Plant-microbe symbioses

12. Figure: 12-001 Caption: Detailed phylogenetic tree of the major lineages (phyla) of Bacteria based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons Figure: 12-001 Caption: Detailed phylogenetic tree of the major lineages (phyla) of Bacteria based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons

13. Figure: 01-01d Caption: Microorganisms are free-living cells. A single microbial cell can have an independent existence. Shown is a photomicrograph of photosynthetic microorganism called cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria were the first O2-evolving organisms on Earth and were responsible for oxygenating the atmosphere. Figure: 01-01d Caption: Microorganisms are free-living cells. A single microbial cell can have an independent existence. Shown is a photomicrograph of photosynthetic microorganism called cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria were the first O2-evolving organisms on Earth and were responsible for oxygenating the atmosphere.

15. Rhizobium trifolii on root tip(image width 12 microns)

16. Rhizobial bacteroids in NeptuniaTEM Image: width = 4.7 microns

17. Azospirillum brasilense: a nitrogen fixing bacterium that lives in the soil rhizosphere (image = 7 microns)

18. Azotobacter sp.: free living N2 fixer in soil (image width = 2 microns). Here we see an X-section of a cyst, the resting stage analogous to an endospore

19. Nitrosomonas sp. (3 micron width TEM) : an ammonia oxidizer (NH4+ to NO2-)

20. Bacillus thuringeinsis (TEM, width= 4 microns)(round spores surrounded by cell wall, angular toxin to left)

21. Mold on banana peel in compost: Conidiophores bearing asexual spores (conidiospores)

24. Salmonella typhimurium: causes food poisoning. Flagella are used for locomotion (image width 3 microns)

27. Dividing Azoarcus tolulyticus: a facultative, toluene-utilizing anaerobe (O2 or NO3-) isolated from a gasoline contaminated aquifer in Michigan (width 3.5 microns)

28. Halomonadaceae: salt and high pH-tolerant 2,4 D (Weed be Gone) degrader (8 micron image width)

29. Why are microbes important? Abundant 5 E30 prokaryotes (Whitman) Equals C in all plants 10X more N and P than plants Major biomass pool; large nutrient reservoirs Ubiquitous All major compartments on Earth Diverse

30. They cause disease (the minority) They catalyze reactions (the majority), e.g. Cyanobacteria produce O2 Nutrient (C, N, S, Fe, etc.) cycling, sequestration Biodegradation of pollutants N fixation in agriculture Biocontrol in agriculture (e.g. Bt) Why are microbes important?

31. What cells need and do

32. Figure: 01-04 Caption: The machine and coding functions of the cell. In order for a cell to reproduce itself there must be an adequate supply of energy and precursors for the synthesis of new macromolecules, the genetic instructions must be replicated such that upon division each cell receives a copy, and genes must be expressed (the processes of transcription and translation) to form the proper amounts of necessary proteins and other macromolecules that will make up the new cell. Figure: 01-04 Caption: The machine and coding functions of the cell. In order for a cell to reproduce itself there must be an adequate supply of energy and precursors for the synthesis of new macromolecules, the genetic instructions must be replicated such that upon division each cell receives a copy, and genes must be expressed (the processes of transcription and translation) to form the proper amounts of necessary proteins and other macromolecules that will make up the new cell.

33. Figure: 01-03a Caption: The hallmarks of cellular life. Differentiation and motility are not properties of all microbial cells. Figure: 01-03a Caption: The hallmarks of cellular life. Differentiation and motility are not properties of all microbial cells.

34. Figure: 01-03b Caption: The hallmarks of cellular life. Differentiation and motility are not properties of all microbial cells. Figure: 01-03b Caption: The hallmarks of cellular life. Differentiation and motility are not properties of all microbial cells.

35. Figure: 01-03c Caption: The hallmarks of cellular life. Differentiation and motility are not properties of all microbial cells. Figure: 01-03c Caption: The hallmarks of cellular life. Differentiation and motility are not properties of all microbial cells.